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From the end of the XV century. a new culture begins to develop in other European countries - Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Spain, where by that time the traditional worldview is also breaking down - technology, trade are developing, relations with the outside world are being formed. Universities are being created everywhere - the focus of scientific knowledge, and the invention of printing made the book the main source of this knowledge. In every country, the ideas of humanism fell on the ground of an active social struggle, primarily against the dominance of the Catholic Church. Many humanists also opposed the feudal order and its bearers - the old hereditary nobility, nobility, officials. The German poet Sebastian Brant in his satire put all the inert and vicious feudal society of his day on the "Ship of Fools" (1494). And a native of the Netherlands, Erasmus of Rotterdam, published in 1509 the satire "Praise of Stupidity." Stupidity goes around the world accompanied by its companions - Self-love, Flattery, Levi, Pleasure, Madness, Gluttony, Revelry and Deep Sleep. “With the help of these loyal allies,” says Stupidity, “I bring the whole human race under my control, I give orders to the emperors themselves.” The best subjects of this queen are the princes, boasting of their nobility, greedy clergymen, capricious courtiers.

In France, a new era in culture has finally received a common name - the Renaissance (Renaissance) - Renaissance, i.e. revival of ancient traditions.

Everywhere the Renaissance contributed to the development of national self-awareness, bringing national literary languages to the level of the ancients.

Having studied the ancients, I opened my way, I gave order to phrases, diversity to style, I found the structure of poetry - and by the will of the muses, Like a Roman and a Greek, the Frenchman became great.

So wrote the French poet of the XVI century. Pierre de Ronsard.

The principles of a new humanistic education, the dream of a harmonious person was expressed in France by the physician and writer Francois Rabelais in his famous novel Gargantua and Pantagruel. It describes the Thelema monastery, where there is no access to "hypocrites, hypocrites and saints, swaggering idle talkers." In this abbey, a beautiful palace and a park for walking, gymnastic grounds and a menagerie were erected. All the inhabitants of the abbey - people who voluntarily came there - know how to write poetry, play musical instruments, speak five or six languages. There "the song flows from the fullness of the soul." True, this monastery has to be serviced, and the Thelemites do not bother themselves with physical labor.

Another humanist of the early 16th century, the Englishman Thomas More, published The Golden Book of the New Island of Utopia (Utopia in Greek - “a place that does not exist”) with a sailor’s story about a distant island somewhere in the Atlantic - after all, such stories were so popular during the period of the great geographical discoveries. Life on an imaginary island is based on the principles of equality between people. All of them are engaged in agriculture and crafts and can master the sciences, temporarily freeing themselves from physical labor. Utopians (inhabitants of Utopia) do not use money and jointly own all property.

Another English humanist, Francis Bacon, imagined the ideal society differently. In his "New Atlantis" common prosperity is achieved through the development of private property and entrepreneurship.

Some humanists tried to substantiate the principles of the reorganization of their contemporary society. The Polish publicist Andrzej Frych Modzhevsky wrote a treatise "On the Correction of the Commonwealth", in which he spoke in favor of ending feudal strife, endowing the peasants with land, and equal rights for the entire population.

Many humanists rejected the dogmas of the Catholic Church and advocated limiting its influence. However, when the Reformation began in Germany and other countries, a number of thinkers, including Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More, did not support it. What's the matter here? The Reformation began to be carried out as an adaptation of the church to the way of life of the emerging bourgeoisie and the "new nobility". Its ideologists again imposed a certain religious doctrine on the masses of people and soon began to persecute its opponents, like the Catholics. And humanism stood for freedom of outlook. Some figures of the Renaissance culture generally denied the creation of the world by God, its trinity, and, if not completely denied the supernatural beginnings in the world, then they believed that nature itself was divine. Thus, the scientist and fighter for science Giordano Bruno taught that the world is based on self-developing matter - the “world soul”, which creates more and more new forms. In accordance with the diversity of the Universe, developing the Copernican theory of the solar system, Bruno argued that in space there are other star systems and inhabited worlds, like the Earth, "if not so and not better, then in any case, no less and no worse." Man is distinguished from nature by his inherent ability to know. "Mental strength will never stop at the known truth, but will always go on and on, to the truth of the unknown."

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понедельник, 20 июля 2020 г.

News update 19/07/2020 (875)

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понедельник, 20 июля 2020 г.

News update 19/07/2020 (875)

News update 13/07/2020 (18) (Bezier-Mataro)

понедельник, 20 июля 2020 г.