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четверг, 23 апреля 2020 г.

News update 23/04/2020 (01536)

Among the outstanding political figures of the world, the sixteenth US President Abraham Lincoln occupies a special place. His presidency fell on the period of the American Civil War of 1861-1865, which claimed the lives of about 600 thousand Americans. Lincoln will forever remain in history as the man who prevented the collapse of the United States and freed the slaves. He is rightfully considered the successor of the "founding fathers" of the United States, the creators of American democracy.

Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky to a poor farmer's family. Her entire well-being depended on a piece of land on which Abraham's parents, Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, worked. From childhood, Abraham was used to working, helping his parents to cultivate the land, hunting and picking wild berries. American farmers in the early nineteenth century. many dangers lurked. Indian attacks, epidemics, depletion of the land forced them to often move from place to place. The Lincoln family was no exception. This prevented Abraham from receiving even a primary education. He himself spoke about it this way: “It is undeniable that when I came of age, I knew little. However, I somehow read, wrote and counted, and that was all I could. Rescued by natural curiosity, excellent memory, constant craving for self-education. He was very fond of reading. His childhood favorites were Robinson Crusoe, Aesop's Fables, and A History of the United States.

Lincoln achieved everything in his life by his own efforts. Having started an independent life at the age of 21, he tried many professions. He worked as a land surveyor, storekeeper, lumberjack, postal clerk, even fought with the Indians. For several years, Lincoln studied law, hoping to become a lawyer. His interests also included history and philology, he independently studied mathematics and mechanics. Living among the common people, Lincoln managed to gain prestige through success in sports, especially in wrestling.

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Nature rewarded Lincoln with a bright appearance. Huge growth, with unusually long arms and legs, he stood out in any crowd. One of Lincoln's contemporaries recalled that he exuded magnetism and energy that attracted people to him.

Lincoln made his first steps in politics in 1834, when he was elected to the legislature of the state of Illinois, passing through an excellent political school here, gaining authority among his colleagues. In 1836, Lincoln passed a difficult exam and received the right to practice as a lawyer. Becoming a lawyer, he moved to the city of Springfield. Lincoln was making good money for the first time in his life. To do this, he had to practice not only in Springfield, but throughout the judicial district. Every spring and autumn he rode or in a carriage hundreds of miles across the sparsely populated prairies from one village to another, sorting out the litigation of farmers. The cases were for the most part small, and the fees for them were negligible. Lincoln's deep knowledge of the law and selflessness achieved fame in the state of Illinois.

The next step in the political career of Abraham Lincoln was his election to the US House of Representatives in 1847. Work in Congress opens up the possibility of applying for a seat in the government of the country. However, Lincoln failed this time to stand out among the American legislators. Moreover, by speaking out against American aggression in Mexico and the policies of President Polk, Lincoln made many political enemies. The fact was that the SPTA at that time pursued an active policy of seizing the lands of neighboring countries, especially Mexico. With the help of weapons and money, Americans for the first half of the XIX century. increased their territory by 3.5 times. The majority of the population of the country supported such actions of the government. Lincoln, being a staunch opponent of war, strongly opposed the American invasion of Mexico. Assessing the actions of the government, he stated that "the political course of the Democrats leads to new wars, territorial seizures, to the further spread of slavery."

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When, in 1849, his term in the House of Representatives expired, he did not even try to stand again as a candidate. Returning home from Congress to Springfield marked the onset of the worst period in Lincoln's life: he lost political popularity, his law practice was significantly reduced, and large debts appeared. But over the next 3-4 years, through perseverance and knowledge, Lincoln became the leading lawyer in Illinois. Having taken up this or that case, he always sought a thorough investigation, knew the laws relevant to the case to the subtleties, knew how to overcome all formalities and get to the heart of the issue. Traveling around the judicial district, he regained his former popularity.

An unsuccessful test of strength in Congress did not force Lincoln to abandon political activity. He was not at all going to limit himself to the work of a lawyer and joined the Republican Party formed on February 25, 1854. At this time, the political struggle within CHIA was over the issue of undeveloped lands in the west of the country and territories seized from other countries. The southern states, where the plantation slave economy flourished, wanted to extend slavery to new territories. The northern states, where there was no slavery, believed that these lands should go to free farmers and the industrial bourgeoisie. But the issue of free land was only part of a more complex and important issue for the United States about the future of the country as a whole: whether capitalist forms of property would develop in it, or whether the plantation-slave-owning system of economy would prevail. The question of slavery was also very acute. Throughout the civilized world, it was condemned and the slave trade was banned. The United States, so proud of its democracy, continued to secretly buy slaves and import them into the country.

The Negroes never put up with their terrible situation. They raised uprisings, fled to the North, but the planters of the South brutally suppressed the uprisings, rounded up the fleeing slaves like wild animals. In 1850 they won the right to hunt runaway slaves throughout the country. Advanced people sympathized with the struggle of the Negroes and advocated the abolition of slavery in the United States. The most resolute of them, having united with the slaves, embarked on the path of armed struggle against the slave owners. So, in 1859, John Brown, having created a small detachment of whites and blacks, tried to raise an uprising for the liberation of all the slaves of the South. But the local population did not support the rebels, John Brown was captured and executed.

среда, 22 апреля 2020 г.

New posts French Pyrenees (22/04/2020)

Abraham Lincoln was an opponent of slavery. At the age of 18, Lincoln traveled to New Orleans, the largest slave trading center in the South. He was shocked that people were sold like animals in the city market. “I hate slavery because slavery itself is monstrously unjust,” Lincoln said. But as a politician, he understood that attempts to put an end to the shameful phenomenon with drastic measures would only lead to war and the collapse of the state. Close he admitted that the question of the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union of States is for him the most difficult problem. Therefore, in his political statements, he was extremely cautious.

Lincoln believed that the preservation of the Union was more important than all other problems. “Despite the fact that I hate slavery, I would rather agree to its expansion than see the Union collapse,” he said. The prospect of a struggle between the South and the North of the country seemed to Lincoln like this: “A house destroyed by quarrels cannot stand. I am sure that the current government cannot be stable by remaining half slave, half free. I do not expect that the Union will be dissolved, that the house will collapse, and I believe that discord in it will cease. He will become either completely free or completely slave." Lincoln was confident in the possibility of a peaceful solution to the dispute between the North and the South. In his heart, he hoped that if slavery was limited only to the southern states, then gradually it would die out on its own. Slave labor led to the fact that the land was poorly cultivated and quickly became scarce, and the planters, in order to profit from their farms, had to constantly expand the territories of their possessions.

Late 50s. 19th century was a turning point in Lincoln's life. Actively participating in political disputes, he gained fame throughout the country. Speaking in various parts of the country, Lincoln proved himself to be an intelligent and cautious politician. He did not support the demand for the abolition of slavery and tried with all his might to prevent a civil war. At the Republican Party meeting in Chicago, Lincoln was nominated for the presidency. Now there was a difficult struggle with the candidates of the Democrats who supported the slave owners of the South. During the election campaign, Lincoln managed to convince voters with restraint and the desire to avoid extremes and, having won the election on November 6, 1860, became the President of the United States.

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The election of a Republican served as an impetus for the secession of eight slave states, which announced on February 4, 1861 the creation of an independent state - the Confederate States of America with its capital in Richmond, who elected their president, Jefferson Davis.

Lincoln was in a difficult position. He had no experience in governing the country; the government had not yet been formed. Lincoln wanted to convince the slave owners to refuse to split the Union. Meanwhile, circumstances called for quick and decisive action. The Southerners attacked and captured Fort Sumter. Two days later, Lincoln declared the states of the Confederacy in mutiny and appealed to "all loyal citizens" to come to the defense of the country. 75,000 volunteers joined the army. A civil war broke out between North and South.

Initially, Lincoln thought that the northerners would be able to quickly defeat the slave owners. Indeed, the northern states occupied a much larger territory, most of the country's citizens lived there, they had a well-developed industry. But the North was not ready for war. Many army officers - immigrants from the southern states - with the outbreak of war went over to the side of the slave owners. In addition, in the northern states there were many supporters of the Confederation, who harmed the government troops in every possible way. So the experience of running the country and the army came to President Lincoln through the bitterness of defeat and failure.

Putting things in order Lincoln began with the government. His benevolence, fairness to opponents, poise, humor and generosity made it possible to create a well-functioning government, consisting of both supporters of the emancipation of slaves and those who were inclined to reconcile with the slave owners. Lincoln defined his task in the Civil War as follows: “My main goal in this struggle is to save the Union, regardless of the preservation or destruction of slavery. If I can save the Union without freeing the slaves, I will do so; if I can only save him by freeing all the slaves, I will do so; if I can save him by freeing some of the slaves, I will do so.” The President skillfully maneuvered between government ministers. He patiently listened to everyone, but always made decisions on his own.

Another difficult problem was the creation of a strong army. Lincoln drew attention to the talented general Ulysses Grant and appointed him commander. Together with other capable generals - Sherman, Sheridan, Thomas - Grant managed to conduct a large joint offensive against the southern states.

President Lincoln also showed himself as a talented diplomat. A striking example is the so-called "Trent case". On board the English ship Trent, two Confederate diplomats went to Britain and France to persuade the Europeans to help the South. However, the English ship was detained by the northerners, and the envoys of the southerners were arrested. The British government regarded the actions of the northerners as an insult. Lincoln understood that the intervention of the British on the side of the South was unacceptable, and released the diplomats. The threat of war with Great Britain was gone.

Two laws passed by Abraham Lincoln during the course of the war were critical to the victory of the northerners and the subsequent development of the United States. According to the law on homesteads, anyone who wished could receive a land plot of 65 hectares for a nominal fee of $10. With this, Lincoln attracted many people who wanted to get land into the army of the northerners, and laid the foundations of modern American farming. Another piece of legislation signed by Lincoln on January 1, 1863, was the famous Negro Slave Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln himself assessed the document as follows: "If my name ever gets into history, then for this act, and in it - all my soul." The proclamation, it is true, freed only the slaves of the rebellious states. Lincoln feared that in the event of the complete abolition of slavery, those slave states that had not seceded from the Union might join the rebels. But when the civil war was already rapidly coming to an end and the victory of the North was obvious, at the initiative of Lincoln, the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which banned slavery forever.

The Homestead Act and the emancipation of slaves is Lincoln's outstanding contribution to the development of true individual freedom in the United States. The President demonstrated respect for human dignity by his own example. Lincoln received Negro visitors, something no US president had ever done before, and one of his friends was a former slave, Frederick Douglass.

четверг, 23 апреля 2020 г.

News update 23/04/2020 (01536)

среда, 22 апреля 2020 г.

New posts French Pyrenees (22/04/2020)

четверг, 23 апреля 2020 г.

среда, 22 апреля 2020 г.