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Lincoln understood and loved his people, and American citizens responded with universal support. On November 8, 1864, in the regular elections, he was elected president for a second term. On April 9, 1865, the troops of the southerners under the command of General Robert Lee capitulated. The American Civil War is over, but the president has become one of the last victims of the bloody war. On April 14, 1865, while the country was celebrating victory, in Washington, DC, at Ford's Theater, Abraham Lincoln was shot in the head. After committing the atrocity, the killer, actor John Boots, a fanatical supporter of the southerners, jumped onto the stage and shouted: “This is how tyrants die. The south is avenged!"

The death of Abraham Lincoln shocked the whole world. An endless stream of people went to the White House to say goodbye to the man who brought the country out of the gravest crisis by rallying supporters of the country's unity and the abolition of slavery. Only by maintaining a single state, the United States could subsequently become the leading power in the world. Assessing the merits of Lincoln, the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy said: "He was what Beethoven was in music, Dante in poetry, Raphael in painting, Christ in the philosophy of life."

There are moments in history when the screaming problems facing this or that country are solved as a result of the appearance of a person who, as it were, embodies the conscience of the people and illuminates the mass movement with the light of his personality.

Such a person for Italy in the middle of the 19th century. You can rightfully call Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was born on July 4, 1807 in Nice, in the family of a sailor. From a young age, he was destined for the life path of his father - the road to the sea. Already a teenager, Giuseppe became a cabin boy on a merchant ship, visited many ports, including Odessa.

And the time in the south of Europe was stormy. The darkness that fell over Europe after the Congress of Vienna was cut through by outbreaks of revolution in Spain, Portugal, Naples, Piedmont. For nine years there was a liberation struggle against the Turkish yoke in Greece. Young Garibaldi, passing through the waters of the Aegean, dreamed of joining the Greek rebels. In Italy itself, it was as if there was no business for him.

Everything was changed by a chance meeting in the south of Russia, in Taganrog, where Garibaldi sailed, having already become the captain of a small merchant ship, for a shipment of grain. In a small port tavern, an unfamiliar Italian agitated his compatriots to join the Young Italy liberation society. The activities of this society are probably familiar to many of our readers from the novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich "The Gadfly". Young Italy was founded in 1831 by a group of Italian revolutionary democrats led by Giuseppe Mazzini. In contrast to the movement of advanced noblemen - the Carbonari in previous years, "Young Italy" was made up of people who in Russia would be called "raznochintsy". The society waged a struggle for a democratic and united Italian Republic, against Austrian domination and papal authority. Many revolutionaries still hoped to achieve change in the country through conspiracies and solo performances. Others tried to launch agitation among the people.

26-year-old Garibaldi realized that he had found his business. After meeting with Mazzini in Marseilles, he takes part in the preparation of an armed uprising in Genoa and uses the Eurydice ship for this purpose. But in February 1834, the plan of his comrades-in-arms was revealed, many were arrested, and Garibaldi himself, through Nice, moved to the territory of France, miraculously escaping arrest. He was sentenced to death in absentia.

In the summer of 1835, a cholera epidemic broke out in France, and Garibaldi was where people needed help - in Marseilles, he performed the work of an orderly. Soon the second assistant to the captain Garibaldi on the ship went to Rio de Janeiro. The turbulent Latin American period of his life began (again, a parallel suggests itself with the fate of the Gadfly from the Voynich novel). In Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, there were many Italian emigrants, among whom was Giuseppe. For some time, Garibaldi devoted himself entirely to the craft of a sailor. He even makes a voyage to the distant Chinese port of Macau. But gradually he begins to help the rebels in the south of Brazil, who are fighting against the power of the emperor and slavery. The flagship of the partisans is his ship, named "Mazzini". Battles, flight to Argentina along the La Plata River, storm, arrest... Torture in the dungeons of the dictator Rosas. Friends secured his release. And again - a partisan detachment in Brazil. In Brazil, Garibaldi met his future wife, Anita. She became an inseparable companion of the hero, fought with him, steadfastly endured all the hardships. Soon a son was born - Menotti.

In 1841, the rebels suffered a serious defeat. Garibaldi had to settle in Uruguay. But here, too, he offered his services as a fighter against the troops of Rosas, who were trying to capture a small neighboring country. He fought at sea and on land, organized the Italian legion and honorably got even with his former dictator offender. For the Uruguayans, he became a living legend. News of the brilliant commander also reached Europe. In Italy, the people have already begun to associate his name with hopes for better times. In turn, Garibaldi knew that dissatisfaction with foreign domination was growing in his homeland. At the end of 1847, having heard about the amnesty, he sailed for Europe with his wife, three sons and his entire legion.

When the ship entered the Mediterranean Sea, a storm of revolutions broke out in different countries of Europe in 1848. The news of the beginning of popular uprisings in the Kingdom of Naples gave the Garibaldians great inspiration. One of the fighters, Cocelli, composed a battle anthem:

The graves opened up, and the dead stood up, And our sufferers appeared before us, Crowned with laurel, as once in life, With love for the motherland in a hot chest. Arise now! Arise, O youth of the people! Carry our banner under the wind of freedom...

In his native Nice, Garibaldi was greeted with rejoicing. But in the capital of the Sardinian kingdom (Piedmont), Turin, King Charles Albert received him very coldly. The king feared a mass popular movement. After the defeat of the regular Sardinian army at Custozza, Garibaldi launched a guerrilla war. In the autumn of 1848, he appeared in Central Italy, trying to break through to the besieged Venice, but then an uprising began in Rome, and the commander turned his troops there. But the Roman authorities, despite the extreme popularity of the national hero, were in no hurry to trust him and did not allow him to completely defeat the French corps sent by Louis Napoleon to help the Pope, because. hoped for reconciliation with France. As a result, the French, having brought up fresh forces, took Rome in July 1849. At the same time, only the Garibaldians fought a heroic unequal battle with them ... There was still Venice, to which Garibaldi again began to advance. But the forces of his fighters were exhausted. Only 200 rebels reached the mountains to San Marino. Having gone down to the sea, they settled on boats. At night, the attack of the Austrians followed. Garibaldi carried the mortally wounded Anita ashore. The death of his beloved wife was a severe blow to him.

Everything seemed to be over. Venice fell in August. At the cost of a sea of blood in Italy, the former borders and orders were restored. Garibaldi himself was hastened to arrest the authorities of the Sardinian kingdom, where he took refuge, but under pressure from the public he was released and sent abroad.

For a while, Garibaldi moved away from politics. He makes new sea voyages - to Peru, China, New Zealand; trip around the world. In London, he meets again with Mazzini and the Italian revolutionary emigration. For some time, Garibaldi hoped to unite the country with the help of the diplomatic activity of Piedmont, where Prime Minister Count Camillo Cavour came up with a program of reforms. In alliance with France, to which Savoy and Nice (Garibaldi's homeland) were immediately given, Piedmont began a war with Austria for its Italian possessions.

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The new detachment of Garibaldi was specially sent to the most difficult part of the battles. Seeing that the initiative was passing from the regular troops to the Garibaldians, Cavour tried to "neutralize" his political rivals. The defeat of the troops under the command of Garibaldi was provoked (the only one!). Through skillful intrigues, the Sardinian kingdom (Piedmont) united the north of the country under its crown, and the republicans and people from the bottom were out of work.

Mazzini sought to prepare an uprising of his supporters in the Kingdom of Naples. An armed uprising was scheduled for early April 1860 in Sicily. Garibaldi received an invitation to lead an expedition to help the rebels. For a long time, alarming news came from Sicily to Genoa, where a thousand fighters had gathered - the uprising did not start well. But now the peasants began to seize the landowners' estates.

"Let's go!" Garibaldi said. And on May 6, the “Thousand” Garibaldian fighters sailed south on two ships. Five days later, fighters dressed in red shirts landed in the port of Marsala to the sound of an orchestra and the sound of bells. Immediately, the people's leader achieved the elimination of the heaviest taxes by decrees of the revolutionary government and the distribution of landlords' land to the peasants. Peasant detachments joined the "Thousand". On May 14, the 25,000-strong Neapolitan Bourbon army met with the rebels near the town of Calatafimi. It was Garibaldi's most amazing victory. With light weapons, the fighters crashed into the enemy, shouting: "Long live Garibaldi!" Their banner was raised higher up the mountain, passing from hand to hand. In front was the commander-in-chief. The enemy fled in panic. With complete moral superiority, the Garibaldian fighters entered Palermo. In July, the rebels occupied the entire island. Almost without resistance, in 18 days Garibaldi made his way from Calabria to Naples and triumphantly entered the southern capital. The royal army capitulated, its soldiers saluted the victors. Popular rejoicing was unprecedented. Illiterate peasants and artisans believed that Garibaldi was Christ.

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