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France used mainly methods of direct rule, with the help of the army and the police, suppressing the resistance of those who did not want to put up with colonial rule. At the same time, she, like Portugal, pursued a policy of assimilation in her colonies, which to some extent reflected the ideas of the revolution of 1789, which proclaimed the equality of the inhabitants of the metropolis and the colonies. Few, however, enjoyed the benefits of assimilation; for example, in Africa in the late XIX - early XX centuries. - only residents of the four cities of Senegal, who had French citizenship and could send one deputy to the French parliament.

Germany, like England, applied various methods of government. All power belonged to the governors appointed by Berlin, the Germans made up the highest and middle levels of the colonial administration, the command of the colonial troops and the police. The territory of the colonies was divided into administrative and military-police districts headed by district chiefs, usually officers. The lower administration was formed, as a rule, from literate local residents.

In Cameroon, Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika, the Germans retained the power of the leaders and rulers, putting them under their strict control.

Changes in the world led to changes in the system of colonial government. The French colonial empire was transformed into the French Union, the French constitution of 1947 stated that France intended to lead the colonial peoples to free self-government. The colonies received the status of overseas territories with the right to be represented in the central French and local colonial legislatures, the newly created Assembly of the French Union. In the 50s. The autonomy of the overseas territories was further expanded, the system of forced labor that had existed for decades was officially abolished in them, and the freedom to create political and public organizations, meetings and the press was proclaimed.

In the British possessions, the system of colonial administration was reorganized in stages. In 1947 the British Empire was transformed into the British Commonwealth of Nations; at numerous constitutional conferences and negotiations of the 40s - early 60s. the future of the British possessions, their state structure, political systems, problems of socio-economic life and interethnic, national relations were discussed. Formally acting as a mediator at such meetings - they were attended by representatives of the colonial administration, various political parties and organizations of the colonies - the British government pursued a line of maintaining the British presence in all spheres of life of future independent states.

There were also changes in the systems of colonial administration of other European powers.

However, the fate of the colonies and their future were decided not only in London, Paris, Brussels or Lisbon. The history of colonialism also had another side - the history of the anti-colonial struggle that was waged in all enslaved countries, including those that formally retained their independence, but actually turned into semi-colonies: China, Iran, the countries of the former Ottoman Empire, etc. .

As a result of World War II, the colonies of Italy and Japan gained independence. The intensity of the anti-colonial struggle increased, mass political organizations emerged in many Asian and African countries, which, using predominantly non-violent means (demonstrations, rallies, civil disobedience campaigns, strikes, etc.), led the struggle for political liberation. But there were also those who fought for freedom with weapons in their hands. Freed from Japanese domination in 1945, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were forced to defend their independence from France, which unleashed a real colonial war against them. Anti-colonial uprisings of 1947-1949 in Madagascar and 1952-1956. in Kenya were defeated, but nevertheless brought the peoples of these countries closer to independence. In 1956-1962. Algeria achieved independence in a bloody liberation war; de Gaulle's forced consent to leave Algeria was perceived by part of French society as a betrayal of national interests, a deep internal political crisis erupted in France. The armed liberation struggle of the peoples of Angola, Mozambique, Guinea and the islands of Cape Verde stimulated the emergence of a revolutionary situation in Portugal, the Portuguese revolution of 1974 proclaimed the right of the peoples of the overseas provinces to self-determination and independence. Armedly achieved the liberation of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South-West Africa (now Namibia). The collapse of the colonial system dragged on for almost half a century. In total, more than 100 new independent states were formed after the Second World War.

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среда, 1 апреля 2020 г.

News update 02/04/2020 (37)

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среда, 1 апреля 2020 г.

News update 02/04/2020 (37)

News update 31.03.2020 (7623)

среда, 1 апреля 2020 г.