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понедельник, 23 марта 2020 г.

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By this time, the United States of America had entered the war, and the balance of power began to change. Landed in November 1942, a large Anglo-American landing in North Africa was a surprise to the Germans. By May 1943, they had lost almost all of Libya, and soon capitulated in Tunisia. The Allies captured about 250 thousand people, including almost 140 thousand Germans. For Hitler, the defeat in North Africa was, as the German generals later claimed, the second military disaster after Stalingrad.

Active battles were also fought in the tropical part of the continent. French Equatorial Africa became the stronghold of the Free French created by de Gaulle. The French and Africans fought in the detachments formed on African soil. De Gaulle took an active part in the hostilities in North Africa, Ethiopia, helped the British liberate in 1942 the island of Madagascar, the former supply base for Japanese submarines in the Indian Ocean. African units fought on the side of the Allies in France and Italy, Belgium and Syria, in Burma... In total, about 2 million Africans fought in the Allied armies during the war, hundreds of thousands served in various auxiliary units. These are all little-known facts of the history of World War II.

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR changed the military-political balance in the world. The United States made its choice, rapidly reaching the forefront in many sectors of the economy, and especially in military-industrial production. The Franklin Roosevelt government announced its intention to support the USSR and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition with all the means at its disposal. On August 14, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill signed the famous "Atlantic Charter" - a program of goals and concrete actions in the struggle against German fascism. As the war spread throughout the world, the struggle for sources of raw materials and food, for control over maritime transport in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, became more and more acute. From the first days of the war, the allies, primarily England, managed to control the countries of the Near and Middle East, which supplied them with food and raw materials for the military industry, replenishment in manpower. Iran, which included British and Soviet troops, Iraq and Saudi Arabia supplied the allies with oil, this "bread of war". To protect them, the British deployed numerous troops from India, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. In Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, the situation was less stable. Declaring its neutrality, Turkey supplied Germany with strategic raw materials, buying them up in the British colonies. Turkey was also the center of German intelligence in the Middle East. Syria and Lebanon, after the surrender of France, increasingly fell into the sphere of fascist influence. In June 1941, British and French units entered these countries, but the situation in them remained rather difficult until the end of the war.

A threatening situation for the Allies since 1941 has developed in the Far East and vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean. Here, Japan was asserting itself more and more loudly as a sovereign master. Back in the 30s. Japan made territorial claims, acting under the slogan "Asia for Asians." England, France and the USA had strategic and economic interests in this vast region, but were preoccupied with the growing threat from Hitler and initially did not have sufficient forces for a war on two fronts. Among Japanese politicians and the military, there was no consensus on where to strike the main blow: to the north, against the Soviet Union, or to the south and southwest, to capture Indochina, Malaya, Burma, India, numerous archipelagos and islands in the Pacific Ocean. But one object of Japanese aggression has been identified since the beginning of the 30s. — China. The fate of the war in China, the most populous country in the world, was decided not only on the battlefields, because here the interests of several great powers clashed at once, including the USA and the USSR. The difficult domestic political situation in China, which was also torn apart by a civil war, prevented the organization of a powerful rebuff to the aggressors.

By the end of 1941, the Japanese had made their choice. They considered the destruction of Pearl Harbor, the main American naval base in the Pacific, the key to success in the struggle for control of the Pacific Ocean.

... In the early Sunday morning of December 7, 1941, about 200 Japanese bombers, torpedo bombers and fighters hit American warships - and there were about 70 of them in a cramped harbor. At the same time, Japanese submarines broke into the bay. Less than an hour later, another 160 aircraft repeated the raid. The losses of the Americans were huge: 5 battleships and 3 other warships were sunk, 10 more ships were seriously damaged. At the base airfield, the Japanese destroyed more than half and damaged more than a quarter of combat aircraft. The name "Pearl Harbor" has become as symbolic as Dunkirk, and later - Stalingrad, Kursk Bulge.

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At the same time, the Japanese blocked the British military base in Hong Kong and began landing troops in Siam (Thailand). The English squadron, which had come out to intercept, was attacked from the air, and two battleships - the striking force of the British in this region of the Pacific Ocean - went to the bottom. In the remaining three weeks of 1941, Japanese landing forces captured American strongholds on the islands of Guam and Wake and began landing in the Philippines. Fallen Hong Kong. The first stage of the largest oceanic war in the history of mankind was won by Japan.

On December 11, 1941, 4 days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declared war on America. An undeclared war had been fought before: in the Atlantic, German submarines attacked American ships and escort ships heading for Europe. Hitler believed that the United States, despite its enormous economic potential, was unlikely to be ready or willing to wage war beyond its immediate borders. But he was wrong.

On January 1, 1942, Roosevelt, Churchill, Soviet Ambassador to America Litvinov and China's representative signed in Washington the Declaration of the United Nations, which was based on the Atlantic Charter. Later, it was signed by representatives of 22 more countries. In particular, it stated: “Each government undertakes to use all its resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy and Japan) and acceding to it ... to cooperate with other governments that have signed this, and not to conclude a separate truce or peace with enemies ... "This most important historical document finally determined the composition and goals of the forces of the anti-fascist coalition. At the same meeting, a joint command of the Western Allies was created - the "Joint Anglo-American Headquarters", which, in the course of the war, coordinating hostilities, held 200 official meetings in different parts of the world.

The surviving documents convey the atmosphere of those years. On February 23, 1942, Roosevelt spoke on the radio with an appeal to the American people: “... In Berlin, Rome and Tokyo, they talk about us as a nation of weaklings ... who hire English, Russian and Chinese soldiers to fight for us. Let them repeat it now! ...Let them say this to the sailors fighting in the remote waters of the Pacific Ocean!., the guys in the "flying fortresses"!., the marines!..»

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American plan for the expansion of military production in 1942-1943. provided for the construction of 145 thousand combat aircraft, 120 thousand tanks, 55 thousand anti-aircraft guns, the launching of hundreds of warships and submarines. These figures, which even today seem fantastic, were achieved by the end of 1943, and even surpassed in some indicators.

... Japan continued to achieve success after success: Malaya was captured in January, Singapore, the fortress city, the main naval base of England in Southeast Asia, was captured in February. Due to its island position, powerful defenses from land, sea and air, this "Gibraltar of the Far East", as it was called, was considered impregnable. By the beginning of 1942, tens of thousands more refugees from neighboring British, French and Dutch colonies found refuge in this city of almost a million people. Singapore was defended by a 100,000-strong garrison, consisting of British, Indian, Australian and Malay units. The British government attached great importance to the preservation of Singapore. “The question is about the reputation of our country and our race,” Churchill said. And yet, the Japanese, having surrounded Singapore, forced its garrison to unconditional surrender.

Singapore was followed by Indonesia, Burma, the southern Chinese province of Yunan, and many islands in the southern seas. In May, the Americans lost the Philippines. Japanese aircraft carriers entered the Bay of Bengal, Japanese aircraft bombed the island of Ceylon. There was a real danger for India and Australia.

Nevertheless, the Japanese command, blinded by the first successes, clearly overestimated its capabilities, scattering the forces of the fleet, aviation and army over a vast expanse of oceans, on numerous islands, in the territories of occupied countries. After recovering from the first setbacks, the allies slowly but steadily switched to active defense, and then to the offensive.

In April 1942, the Japanese capital learned the horrors of war: 16 American bombers, rising from the deck of the Hornet aircraft carrier and flying a thousand kilometers, bombed Tokyo for the first time. In May-June of the same year, trying to capture a large American air base on Midway Island, the Japanese suffered a serious setback. A powerful squadron came out to capture the island - 11 battleships, 7 aircraft carriers, 12 cruisers, 50 destroyers and 15 submarines. With losses for themselves, the Americans destroyed 5 aircraft carriers, several other ships, dozens of enemy aircraft and forced the squadron to turn back. From August 1942 to February 1943, the struggle for the island of Guadalcanal, located in the group of the Solomon Islands, previously captured by the Japanese, continued. They built a huge airfield there to strengthen their positions in the southern seas. The Americans dropped marines on the island, and a bloody battle began on land and in coastal waters. Huge losses were suffered by both sides, but for the Japanese, whose reserves were running out, they turned out to be irreplaceable: 24,000 battle-hardened soldiers, 1,150 aircraft with selected crews, and dozens of ships.

понедельник, 23 марта 2020 г.

News update 23/03/2020 (763)

воскресенье, 22 марта 2020 г.

Design, fun spots and sights with Kilian Roldan

Tumblr news update 21/03/2020 (8976)

понедельник, 23 марта 2020 г.

воскресенье, 22 марта 2020 г.