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воскресенье, 13 октября 2019 г.

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After the conquest of Brucium, the Carthaginians should by all means (of which they had no shortage) try to take possession of Messana and make it impregnable in order to make it difficult for the Romans to cross into Sicily; however, they hesitated and limited themselves to half measures. Then they should at all costs prevent the crossing of the Roman army to this island; they had a means for this - a fleet - but, despite the experience that they experienced 20 years ago in the war with Pyrrhus, they neglected this too: the communication of the Romans with Sicily took place as freely as if it were connected to the mainland.

They did not bother to be interested in what was going on with their enemy both before the war and during the war while it lasted; therefore they knew nothing of such great and important events as the construction and equipping of new fleets in 260, 249 and 242; each time this came as a complete surprise to them and forced them to hasty and hasty countermeasures. In a tactical sense, the formulation of the information case was also completely unsatisfactory (except for Carthage in 249).

They failed to act decisively and consistently with their fleet, otherwise the damage inflicted on the Romans would have been much greater. True, they undermined Roman trade, ruined the coast in several places, but, for example, there was no question of blockade of Ostia; with the vast stretch of the coastline of Italy, they could cause incomparably greater harm to the Romans, which was especially convenient to do by occupying fortified points on the coast or on islands near the coast for a long time.

The biggest mistake was that the Carthaginians began to act energetically only when they were in immediate danger, and as soon as the enemy ceased to threaten them, they again lost all energy and were inactive. They did not use either the first three-year or the second seven-year break in the naval war to strengthen their fleet and more vigorously conduct the war; moreover, as soon as they ceased to fear an enemy attack from the sea, their own fleet immediately fell into complete decline; all these were unforgivable mistakes, for which the loss of the war should be considered a well-deserved and just retribution.

Vprochem, v takticheskom smysle i karfagenyane ne upuskali sluchaya deystvovat' nastupatel'no, chto ob"yasnyayetsya tem, chto u nikh, kak u starykh moryakov, nastupatel'naya taktika vsosalas' v plot' i krov'. Odnako v pervom zhe srazhenii u Mile oni proyavili tu zhe prestupnuyu bezzabotnost', vytekavshuyu iz prenebrezheniya k nepriyatelyu, kak i v oblasti strategii: s tridtsat'yu peredovymi korablyami, ne vystroiv ikh dazhe v boyevoy poryadok, karfagenskiy admiral dvinulsya pryamo protiv vchetvero sil'neyshego nepriyatelya, kotoryy pri pervoy zhe stychke zakhvatil vse eti korabli blagodarya abordazhnym mostkam i mnogochislennym legioneram. Sdelannaya vposledstvii popytka okruzhit' rimlyan i atakovat' ikh srazu so vsekh storon ne uvenchalas' uspekhom, tak kak rimlyane, izbegaya manevrirovaniya, vystroili svoi korabli po okruzhnosti. Gannibal schel togda srazheniye proigrannym i ostavil pole bitvy za rimlyanami; yesli by on etogo ne sdelal, Duiliy mog by okazat'sya v ochen' tyazhelom polozhenii, tak kak vo vremya dvizheniya vsem yego korablyam nevozmozhno bylo by derzhat'sya nosom v storonu nepriyatelya. Vprochem, storona, zakhvachennaya vrasplokh, chasto teryayet muzhestvo i prezhdevremenno priznayet sebya pobezhdennoy. Zamechatel'no, chto karfagenyane za vse vremya dolgoy voyny ne pridumali nikakogo sredstva protiv "voronov", chto sluzhit dokazatel'stvom polnogo otsutstviya tekhnicheskoy izobretatel'nosti i iskusstva; sami oni ne primenyali etogo prisposobleniya, po-vidimomu, potomu, chto na eto u nikh ne khvatalo muzhestva i doveriya k svoim soldatam. O neudovletvoritel'noy taktike pri Eknomose i o nepravil'noy taktike u Eguzy uzhe bylo skazano; zdes' my dobavim tol'ko neskol'ko slov po povodu taktiki, primenennoy karfagenyanami v 249 godu, kogda oni oderzhali yedinstvennuyu pobedu za vse vremya etoy dolgoy morskoy voyny. Adgerbal, kak i Kartolon, proyavili bol'shuyu ostorozhnost' i prisutstviye dukha, a pervyy, krome togo, i bol'shuyu energiyu; eto byli prekrasnyye morskiye vozhdi, kotoryye umeli derzhat' v rukakh boyevuyu silu i v takticheskom smysle deystvovali ochen' uspeshno. Odnako imena ikh uzhe ne upominayutsya v svyazi s dal'neyshimi sobytiyami: po vsey veroyatnosti, nagradoy im byla chernaya neblagodarnost', kak eto sluchalos' s pobedonosnymi vozhdyami i v Afinakh vo vremya gospodstva demagogov. Ksantipp, unichtozhivshiy armiyu Regula i spasshiy Karfagen, nesomnenno, po tem zhe prichinam dolzhen byl vernut'sya na rodinu.

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However, in the tactical sense, the Carthaginians did not miss the opportunity to act offensively, which is explained by the fact that they, like the old sailors, absorbed offensive tactics into their flesh and blood. However, in the very first battle at Miele, they showed the same criminal carelessness, resulting from disregard for the enemy, as in the field of strategy: with thirty advanced ships, without even lining them up in battle order, the Carthaginian admiral moved directly against four times the strongest enemy, who, with in the first skirmish he captured all these ships thanks to boarding bridges and numerous legionnaires. A subsequent attempt to surround the Romans and attack them from all sides at once was not successful, since the Romans, avoiding maneuvering, lined up their ships in a circle. Hannibal then considered the battle lost and left the battlefield for the Romans; if he had not done so, Duilius might have found himself in a very difficult position, since during the movement it would be impossible for all his ships to keep their bows towards the enemy. However, the side taken by surprise often loses courage and prematurely recognizes itself as defeated.

It is remarkable that the Carthaginians during the whole long war did not come up with any remedy against the "ravens", which serves as proof of the complete absence of technical ingenuity and art; they themselves did not use this device, apparently because they did not have the courage and confidence in their soldiers for this.

The unsatisfactory tactics under Eknomos and the wrong tactics under Aegusa have already been spoken of; here we will add only a few words about the tactics used by the Carthaginians in 249, when they won the only victory in this long naval war. Adgerbal, like Kartolon, showed great caution and presence of mind, and the first, in addition, showed great energy; they were excellent sea leaders who knew how to hold a fighting force in their hands and acted very successfully in a tactical sense. However, their names are no longer mentioned in connection with subsequent events: in all likelihood, black ingratitude was their reward, as happened with victorious leaders in Athens during the reign of demagogues. Xanthippus, who destroyed the army of Regulus and saved Carthage, undoubtedly, for the same reasons, had to return to his homeland.

It may seem incredible that such a state of affairs could develop in a large maritime state; however, modern times give a similar example, and, moreover, with a maritime power, which can in no way be reproached for a lack of militancy and which, on the contrary, is justly proud of a glorious military past. We are talking about England and her fleet. Having become after 1815 the mistress of all the seas, and proud of the successes achieved, she began to look with disdain at all other fleets and was not at all worried about the technical successes they had achieved and did not pay attention to those tactical and strategic changes that were created due to these successes; this led to the fact that at one time she stood behind other powers in all respects: France was ahead of her with paddle steamers, the United States was the first to use the screw, then France was the first to build a steam-powered linear screw ship (in the Crimean War). Fortunately for England, these facts gave her a strong impetus, but her inertia was so great that she followed the example of others only with extreme slowness (the first armored frigate, ram, artillery, cruisers appeared in France). Only two decades after all these "scarecrows" (scares) came into use, England set about improving and increasing its fleet.

She showed even greater backwardness in strategic and tactical respects; the first time large maneuvers were made in 1850, until then there was complete inactivity and complete uncertainty regarding the use of the fleet both in the war as a whole and in individual battles. Hence the conclusion about the need for constant hard work.

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It is necessary to say a few words about the second Punic War, since Mahan touches on it in the preface to his major work, The Influence of Sea Power on History. He says: "The victorious side could establish its dominance at sea." This cannot be stated so unconditionally - it is necessary at the same time to pay attention to the internal situation of Carthage and its inability to use its naval forces. The First Punic War and its consequences weakened Carthage: he suffered huge losses in people and money, and also paid 3,200 talents of indemnity; True, the rich trade and vast territory of Carthage provided sufficient income and the opportunity to supply his fleet with people indefinitely, but he did nothing of this and almost did not use his fleet.

The Second Punic War was not the war of Carthage, but the war of Hannibal and his brother, the sons of Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar managed to stop the arose in 240-237. an extremely dangerous war against hired soldiers and save Carthage; nevertheless, his countrymen hated him because they feared him; he was the head of an anti-Roman military party and decided to create an army equal to the Roman one, with the aim of retaking Sicily. He recovered with his son-in-law Hasdrubal to Spain, where until then only trading posts had existed, conquered most of it, founded his own, almost independent state, which he gave an excellent organization, at the same time he created an excellent army. This army did not consist of mercenaries, but was recruited from local residents, who, through long service and strict education, were accustomed to military affairs and were completely devoted to their leader. But he didn't have a fleet.

When Hannibal in 219 BC. e., after the death of Hamilcar, was elected leader, he already had an army of over 100,000 people, but the Carthaginian fleet was in a miserable state and part did not even have rigging. Hannibal, a talented military leader, unlike his compatriots, was not a sailor and, apparently, like the Romans, even felt an aversion to the sea.

среда, 9 октября 2019 г.

A country of great prospects and unlimited possibilities. Perhaps this is the most correct name for the United Arab Emirates

In view of the favorable political situation, he decided to immediately start a war and, moreover, an offensive war, hoping to attack the Roman Empire in Italy itself, to conquer and destroy Rome. He arbitrarily, without asking for the consent of Carthage, started a war by attacking Sugunt, which lay on the eastern coast of Spain and was under the protection of Rome, which caused dissatisfaction with the peace party in his homeland. These party disagreements largely explain the outcome of the war, since patriotism among the Carthaginians was very poorly developed, while party hatred was always very strong.

The Romans at this time, due to special circumstances, had a strong fleet, which, however, was busy in the Adriatic Sea with a war with Illyria. To the west of Italy, the Romans had almost no fleet, and off the coast of Spain - none at all, which the Carthaginians, skilled sailors who owned fast ships, in all likelihood, were aware of.

If we think about the duration and difficulties of the campaign through the Pyrenees and through the Alps, on which Hannibal used about three months and during which he lost 33,000 people out of 59,000, that is, much more than half, and all the benefits of a surprise attack were lost, then one cannot but admit that this campaign does not find any justification for itself, and that its result under such a brilliant commander could and should have been completely different.

Then it is impossible not to mention the subsequent sending of reinforcements. The Romans kept squadrons to guard the coasts of Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, but none of them were so strong as to deprive the Carthaginians of the opportunity to try to seize dominance of the sea; however, as in the first Punic War, the Carthaginians did nothing, and during the entire war, which lasted 17 years, not a single battle took place for mastery of the sea. For their part, the Romans were not careful enough to prevent the arrival of reinforcements; so, after the battle of Cannae in 216, reinforcements were brought to the Carthaginians directly to Locri, and the Roman ships did not interfere with this - Hamilcar freely landed 4,000 people and many elephants ashore. There was no reason not to repeat such a sending later. After the battle of Cannae, the Carthaginians had a brief period of inspiration, but, after that, party strife and hatred for Hannibal again began to slow down the energy of the offensive.

From this it is clear that it was not the maritime dominion of Rome, whose fleet was too far at the beginning of the war, that led to its victory in the second Punic War, but the exclusively erroneous strategy of Hannibal and Carthage, who fought the war clumsily and did not understand what enormous help, especially in the beginning of the war, may render the fleet.

In any case, in the current state of affairs (there were only a small number of Roman ships off the coast of Spain), if Hannibal had transported 60,000 of his old soldiers by sea to the vicinity of Rome, or even to Northern Italy, he would hardly have lost 33,000 people, as it happened while crossing the Alps.

For their part, the Romans, with great success, used the internal lines of maritime communication with Spain to interrupt Hannibal's communications; they did this very easily, since Carthage did nothing decisively and without a fight gave the sea at the disposal of Rome. And then, when the Carthaginians came to their senses and began to act on the sea, they did it so sluggishly and indecisively that it was not difficult for the Romans to cope with them. All Hannibal's rear communications fell into the hands of the enemy, since Rome also dominated the Tyrrhenian Sea and owned harbors on the northern coast of Sicily, and during the entire period of the Second Punic War this dominance at sea was never wrested from his hands. But south of Sicily and to southern Spain, Rome did not own the sea, but the line of the Ebro River was in its hands, as a result of which Hannibal and Hasdrubal were cut off from each other, and, despite the fact that the latter defeated both during the seven years of the war in Spain Scipio, communication with southern Italy could not be restored. In the end, Hasdrubal nevertheless crossed the western part of the Pyrenees and fought his way into Upper Italy, and then the position of Rome became more than critical.

And this time, thanks to the dominance of Rome in the Tyrrhenian Sea, which Carthage never tried to dispute with him, Publius Scipio the Younger had the opportunity to send his best troops by sea to Upper Italy, towards Hasdrubal; the Roman troops united and destroyed first the army of Hasdrubal in the battle of Metaurus, which, in essence, decided the fate of the war; since Carthage could no longer gather troops in sufficient numbers, and Hannibal had to leave southern Italy.

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You can buy square meters in the emirates not only in the finished form, but also at the stage of a dug pit. Construction in progress has always been and will be profitable projects for foreign investors. After all, this is an opportunity to purchase real estate at lower prices. And the builder himself will be sure that there is additional capital, cash flows have already been planned, and sales are already guaranteed.

The UAE authorities tightened requirements for the implementation of projects for the largest construction companies, which allowed to maximize the flow of capital from foreign home buyers. Let's say it’s worth highlighting the law on the availability of guarantee accounts, where all funds received from buyers (investors) are deposited on special accounts (escrow accounts). This does not allow developers to use the money at their discretion, which means that the investor can be calm, knowing that all the money is directed strictly to the implementation of the project. Control over the safety of money is carried out by independent auditors and the Land Department.

You can buy any construction in progress object only from a licensed company, which is on the national list of Register of Developers. These developers open a special guarantee account, sign an agreement with the Land Department. Money from this account can be spent only after checking the previous construction costs. Any buyer can request documents confirming the targeted spending of funds from the guarantee account.

And at the last stage, when the right of ownership of housing is distributed to each investor, the Department, without fail, deposits 10% of the total amount in the guarantee account. All processes with this account are conducted in banks for which special services are developed.

Large developers of the UAE

There are enough giant developers in the UAE. These are companies that you can trust your money without fear for them. The very first in the top three is Nakheel Corporation. It boasts a beautiful project The Palm Jumeirah - an island on the shores of Dubai, which resembles a bird's eye view of a palm tree. There is real estate for every taste: villas, apartments in high-rise buildings, recreation areas, hotels. The most interesting thing is that you can easily reach the city, or rather, its business center.

Among other buildings, Jumeirah Park, Jumeirah Island and Jumeirah Village, entire areas of Discoveri Gardens, Jumeirah Heights are distinguished. In the cities of the UAE, the company launched many projects at the development stage, which will surely bring world fame to the country.

In second place is Emaar Corporation. It is distinguished by the fact that it does not like to waste time on trifles, working only for the most luxurious, prestigious and significant projects: Dubai Marina, Emirates Hills, Downtown Dubai, Arabian Ranches. It is these sections of the emirate that allow us to talk about the richness of Arab life. This company built the tower of Burj Khalifa, which amazes all visitors and residents of the city with its splendor. Everything else is worth adding a dancing fountain in Dubai (Dubai Fountain) and the Dubai Mall. But it’s better to see everything in person than to describe the sights in this article.

The DAMAC Property Corporation, which distinguished itself with original, creative architectural solutions in the UAE, completes the three leaders. All projects turn out to be trendy: Ocean Heights, Park Towers, Executive Heights. In recent years, the company has been trying to work in the hotel sector, trying to conquer this piece of the market.

All UAE developers are major market players. And everyone has their own projects that have global significance. Therefore, each developer deserves to be the first, as he makes a feasible contribution to the development of the country.

воскресенье, 13 октября 2019 г.

Рабо́та может означать

среда, 9 октября 2019 г.

A country of great prospects and unlimited possibilities. Perhaps this is the most correct name for the United Arab Emirates

воскресенье, 13 октября 2019 г.

среда, 9 октября 2019 г.