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Dopo l'unificazione del Paese, Hammurabi ha dovuto risolvere problemi molto difficili. Affinché i suoi beni non cadano di nuovo in aree separate, il potere del re deve essere forte. Hammurabi, invece, non poteva sottrarre la terra ai contadini, ricreare grandi fattorie reali, radunare artigiani nelle officine reali. Tali azioni porterebbero al rapido declino del paese: le persone hanno avuto il tempo di abituarsi all'indipendenza, alla relativa libertà, alle entrate derivanti dal commercio di mercato. Il saggio Hammurabi trovò delle tecniche che permettono al re di controllare le attività dei suoi sudditi. Divenne l'autore della più famosa raccolta di leggi dell'Antico Oriente, chiamata dagli storici Codice di Hammurabi.
Nel 1901 gli archeologi francesi scoprirono durante gli scavi a Susa, capitale dell'antico Elam, un grande pilastro di pietra con l'immagine del re Hammurabi e il testo di 247 delle sue leggi scritte in cuneiforme. Da queste leggi, sostanzialmente, si è saputo della vita di Babilonia e di come Hammurabi governava il paese.
Hammurabi non creò possedimenti reali, sottraendo terre ai contadini. Approfittò delle trame che le comunità gli assegnarono come re. Hammurabi inviò il suo popolo in queste terre: guerrieri e i cosiddetti "mushken". Mushken erano considerati stretti collaboratori del re e ricevevano da lui la terra, il bestiame e il grano necessari per l'agricoltura. Il furto di proprietà a un mushken era punito più severamente del furto a un semplice contadino. Quindi il re poteva influenzare la vita delle comunità rurali attraverso persone a lui fedeli e dipendenti da lui.
Lo zar dovette anche fare i conti con i debiti dei contadini. In precedenza, i contadini pagavano le tasse principalmente in grano, olio e lana. Hammurabi iniziò a riscuotere tasse in argento. Tuttavia, non tutti i contadini vendevano prodotti nei mercati. Molti hanno dovuto prendere in prestito argento dai tamkar a un costo aggiuntivo. Coloro che non erano in grado di saldare i propri debiti dovettero dare come schiavo uno dei loro parenti. Hammurabi ha cancellato più volte tutti i debiti accumulati nel paese, ha limitato la schiavitù del debito a tre anni, ma non è riuscito a far fronte al problema dei debiti. Non c'è da stupirsi, perché tra i tamkar non c'erano solo mercanti, ma anche pubblicani e custodi del tesoro reale.
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