суббота, 27 июня 2020 г.

News update 27/06/2020 (7)

The Turks nevertheless decided to move on a new campaign against Vienna. In 1683, a 150,000-strong army under the command of the vizier Kara Mustafa laid siege to the Austrian capital. The Viennese had a hard time. The cannonade did not stop day or night, the assault followed the assault. The Turks were already trying to hoist the banner of Islam on the spire of St. Stephen's Cathedral, but at the last moment, the valiant Polish king Jan Sobessky came to the aid of the besieged. The battle lasted 14 hours, finally, the Turks faltered and fled, leaving their tents and weapons. Military glory went to Jan Sobessky, political benefits were received by Emperor Leopold. Within a few years, Austria recaptured Hungary, Transylvania, Slovenia and Serbia. Venice took the Peloponnese from the Turks. The Maltese, having not lost their warlike fervor for 500 years, also continued to fight against the "infidels".

In 1686, Russia joins the opponents of the Turks, which, having not previously had political interests in the Balkans, maintained peace with the Ottoman Empire. But now Russia was on the eve of her historic breakthrough to the seas, and therefore Turkey is turning into a rival, to which England, Poland and Venice contribute a lot. In the war, Russia acquired only the fortress of Azov at the mouth of the Don, however, soon lost, and by the grace of England and Holland - "mediators" in the post-war negotiations - did not even conclude a lasting peace with the Turks.

So by the beginning of the XVIII century. the political map and the alignment of forces are changing. The seeds of new conflicts are ripening. A new force intervenes in the fight - Russia. Habsburg Austria remains a participant in the conflict, gradually taking over the Turkish heritage. The Ottoman Empire, having exhausted its strength in the last onslaught on Europe, is in crisis. Ahead - new battles, new heroes and victims, a new redrawing of borders.
https://all-andorra.blogspot.com/2020/06/news-update-26052020-1134.html



The wind drives the tumbleweed across the steppe and desert expanses... And what made the Turkmens of the Kayy tribe leave the nomad camps and go west under the command of Ertogrul? It is unlikely that anyone will give an exact answer. It is only known that Ertogrul with his people ended up in Asia Minor and received land from the Seljuk sultan Ala ad-Din Kai-Kubad I (1219-1236) as an inheritance (uj) land.

Ertogrul, as the eastern legend says, saw a prophet in a dream. He seemed to have said to Ertogrul: “Since you read and observe with reverence the eternal truths of the Koran, your descendants will be exalted from generation to generation.” With the death of Ertogrul, Sultan Ala ad-Din Kai-Kubad Sh approved for his son Osman (1258-1324) the flax and the princely rank, granting him signs of dignity; saber, banner, drum and bunchuk (horse tail). By the name of Osman, the principality (bey-lik), which became independent in 1299, began to be called, and Osman was already called the sultan.

Osman's son Orkhan (1324-1360) minted his own money. From the age of 12, he participated in the military campaigns of his father, and after the death of Osman, he continued the struggle against the presence of Byzantium in Asia Minor. Orkhan conquered the entire northwestern part of Asia Minor to the Marmara and Black Seas and the lands adjacent to the eastern coast of the Dardanelles.

Taking into account the experience of the war, Orhan strengthens the military power of the Ottomans. Creates infantry (yay) and cavalry (mussel) units. Their fighters during the war received a salary, and in peacetime they were fed from the land for which they did not pay taxes. Before Orhan, the army that fought against the infidels (non-Muslims) did not have a specific form. Orhan ordered to wear white caps.

Orkhan's wars were accompanied by the planting of Islam in new lands, violence against the Christian population. In the famous Council of Nicaea, the Sultan ordered to destroy the thrones, the refectory, burn the icons, erase the sayings of the New Testament from the walls and instead of the gospel truths capture the main idea of ​​the Muslim religion: "There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His prophet." In Nicaea, Orhan created the first spiritual school (madrasah), where Christian youths were forcibly converted to Islam. After the capture of Nicaea, Orkhan distributed the surrounding estates to his superiors, along with women and girls from the families of the former owners of these estates. Other Ottoman sultans acted in the same way.