Sparta (Laconia, Lacedaemon) is one of the most famous and powerful states of Ancient Greece, famous for its army, which never retreated before the enemy. An ideal policy, Sparta was a state that did not know unrest and civil strife.
In this amazing country there were neither rich nor poor, so the Spartans called themselves a "community of equals." Although the formidable Sparta was known literally in all corners of Ancient Greece, few could boast that they had been to the land of Lacedaemon and knew the life and customs of this country well. The Spartans (Spartiates) shrouded their state in a veil of secrecy, not allowing either strangers to come to them or their citizens to leave the boundaries of the community. Even merchants did not bring goods to Sparta - the Spartans did not buy or sell anything.
Although the Spartans themselves did not leave a description of their laws and political system, many ancient Greek thinkers tried to unravel the reason for the strength of civil harmony and the military power of Sparta. Their attention to this state especially intensified after the victory of Sparta over Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431-405 BC). But since ancient writers observed the life of Sparta from the sidelines or lived many centuries after the “community of equals” arose, many modern scholars are distrustful of their reports. Therefore, some problems in the history of Sparta still cause controversy among historians. For example, what was the reason for the Spartan way of life, when did this state arise, so unlike other Greek policies?
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The ancient Greeks considered the legislator Lycurgus to be the creator of the Spartan state. The writer and historian Plutarch, the author of biographies of prominent Greeks and Romans, starting a story about the life and reforms of Lycurgus, warns readers that nothing strictly reliable can be reported about them. Nevertheless, he has no doubt that this politician was a historical figure. Most modern scientists consider Lycurgus to be a legendary (never existing) person, and the amazing political system of Sparta is a consequence of the preservation of primitive pre-state forms of human society in it. Other historians, agreeing that Lycurgus is a fictitious figure, do not completely deny the legend about the emergence of the Spartan state as a result of a coup after long troubles in the first half of the 6th century. BC. There is also a third group of scientists who believe that historians have no serious grounds for complete distrust of the reports of ancient writers. In the biography of Lycurgus, they believe, there is nothing fantastic, and the implementation of reforms in Sparta two centuries earlier than in other parts of Balkan Greece is explained by the difficult situation that has developed in Laconia. The Dorians who founded the Spartan state came here as conquerors and, in order to keep the local Achaean population enslaved by them, needed to accelerate the creation of the institutions necessary for this.
