среда, 17 ноября 2021 г.

Cities



April 1, 49 BC Caesar entered Rome. All the good intentions of Caesar to settle the matter amicably collapsed because of the unwillingness of the remaining senators to mediate in negotiations with Pompey. The second civil war has begun.

Caesar carries out a number of important reforms. It abolishes the still existing punitive laws of Sulla and Pompey and gives the inhabitants of a number of provinces the rights of Roman citizenship. In order to win over the plebs and horsemen, Caesar increased the distribution of bread and partially canceled debts.

Having settled matters in Rome, Caesar hastened to Greece, where Pompeii was located. The first, unsuccessful for Caesar, battle took place at Dyrrachium. The consul's troops fled. Caesar himself, trying to stop the fleeing soldiers, was almost killed by a standard-bearer who waved a staff at him. The situation was so critical that, as Caesar himself said, "the war could be ended today with a complete victory, if the enemy had at its head a man who knows how to win." Alas, Pompeii was not such a person and failed to take advantage of it. For which he had to pay in the battle of Pharsalus on August 9, 48 BC, when Caesar, with an army half as large, completely defeated the enemy troops. Pompeii became so discouraged that he “looked like a man deprived of reason” (Plutarch) and fled to Egypt. Caesar, after the victory, began to subjugate Greece and Asia Minor.

The victory of Caesar was already so obvious that the entire Pompeian fleet under the command of Cassius surrendered to his two legions without a fight. Having established his order in Asia, Caesar finally noticed the absence of Pompey and hurried after him to Egypt. However, the treacherous Egyptians already understood on whose side the power was, and presented Caesar with a bloody gift - the head of his enemy.

The defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus, his inglorious death, as well as the rampage of the plebs on the streets of Rome (the crowd broke the statues of Sulla and Pompey) finally persuaded the stubborn Senate to side with Caesar. The generous senators proclaimed him an indefinite dictator and gave him the right to control the fate of Roman citizens without restrictions. Thinking, the Senate even granted Caesar - that's really from the heart! - the right to a future triumph in a future war against Numidia.
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But Caesar, instead of rushing to Rome, so favorably disposed towards him, got stuck in Egypt and set about settling the affairs of the succession between the beautiful Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy. This, for perfectly legitimate reasons, caused discontent among the Egyptians in Alexandria, which escalated into a revolt against the Romans. The famous Alexandrian Library burned down in the resulting fire. Caesar was forced to swim out of the royal palace. The Romans were under siege until the arrival of reinforcements from Asia. Finally, everything was settled, and Cleopatra, with the help of Roman swords, took the throne, but Egypt was now under Roman protection. Caesar, fascinated by Cleopatra, stayed in Alexandria for nine months, leaving all state and military affairs.

However, the situation in Rome and the provinces forced him to return to harsh reality. There was a threat of consolidation of the Pompeians in Africa, Illyricum and Spain. Parthian king's son

Mithridates Pharnaces conquered Pontus and threatened to take Asia Minor from Rome. In Italy, too, it was restless - even Caesar's veterans rebelled. Caesar himself spoke out against Pharnaces and on August 2, 47 BC. defeated it, sending a short message to Rome about such an easy victory: “I have come. Had seen. Won". ("Veni. Vedi. Vici.") In Spain and Illyricum, his legates were successful.

In September 47 BC. Caesar finally arrived in Rome, where his mere presence calmed all the unrest. It was enough for him to turn to his soldiers not “warriors”, but “citizens”, so that they immediately asked to forgive them and take them with them to the war.

Returning to Rome, Caesar, as if making up for lost time (after all, he refused a triumph in 60 BC), celebrated a quadruple triumph: Gallic, Pharnaces, Egyptian and Numidian. His victorious legions walked in front of the victorious chariot, noble captives passed in chains: Vircingetorix - the defeated leader of the Gauls, Arsi-noe - the rebellious sister of Cleopatra, the little son of the king of Yuba. They carried the captured banners and war booty. The total value of the captured treasures was 65,000 talents (talent is a monetary unit in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). Among them were 2822 gold wreaths weighing about 8 tons, donated to Caesar by various governments and cities. And in the middle of all this splendor, the triumphant himself rode four times, tall, with a manly face, dressed in a white tunic embroidered with a pattern of palm leaves, and a purple embroidered toga. His chariot was accompanied by lictors, trumpeters and senators. And four times the slave held over his head the highest award - the golden wreath of the victor (corona triumphalis).

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