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The golden chariot of Mithras, the god of the Sun, rushed up, as if he did not want to see the carnage, nor hear its terrible sounds. There, below, in a bloody battle, the troops of the Parthian king Artaban V and the ruler of the Pars region Ardashir met. Ardashir was considered a subordinate of Artaban, but without asking him, he occupied the border region of Kerman. To punish the disobedient, Artabanus came with an army to Pars. The battle took place on the Hormuzan plain to the east of Ahvaz. The outcome of the two-day battle was predetermined by the death of Artaban. He chased after Ardashir, who pretended to retreat. When Artabanus approached, Ardashir, turning in his saddle, struck down the king point-blank, and his army fled.

They removed the skin from Artaban and pulled it on the wall of the temple of the goddess Anahita. So Ardashir honored the ruler of the life-giving waters, whose temple priest was once his grandfather, Sasan, who belonged to the family of the rulers of Pars. Papak, the father of Ardashir, was an ardent follower of Anahita.

In 226, the Persians had a new ruler - shahanshah (king of kings) Ardashir I Papakan from the Sasan clan. He laid the foundation for the Sassanid dynasty. Iranshahr - this is how the Sasanian state began to be called. The first shahanshah made the cities of Seleucia, then called Veh-Ardashir, and Ctesiphon, located on the right and left banks of the Tigris, his capital. Communication between the two parts of the new capital was carried out by a floating bridge.

The young state was born and grew in wars. The narrators presented the long confrontation between Ardashir I and the Iranian rulers as heroic battles in which the shahanshah defeated the evil dragon. In fact, Ardashir I captured Media, the territory of Iranian, or South, Azerbaijan, Sakastan (Sistan), Khorasan and the Merv oasis.

In an effort to create a single centralized state, he resolutely fought against the local kings, who were semi-independent of the shahanshah. “There can be no power without an army,” Ardashir I proclaimed. Therefore, he kept an army whose commanders were independent of the rulers of the regions.

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Ardashir considered the Zoroastrian religion and its servants, the magicians, to be a powerful ally in strengthening his power. By the end of the reign of the pairs of Finnish kings, it fell into decline in Iran. The temples of fire were reduced to ruins, in many places the sacred fires were extinguished. Rulers have ceased to reckon with magicians. Ardashir immediately began to restore the privileges of the magicians. He not only gave them land, but obliged the population to pay them a tax - a tithe.

The unity of the country, as Ardashir Papakan believed, cannot be ensured without the participation of priests in solving state affairs. A meeting of magicians was convened, at which they chose the seven most righteous. Those, in turn, chose the young Arda-Virafa as their representative under the Shahanshah.

Patronizing the Zoroastrian religion, the rulers of Iranshahr were intolerant of Christianity. Ardashir's son Shapur I persecuted Christians in his dominions. For 40 years, churches were destroyed, monks and nuns were exterminated. In 409, Shahanshah Yazdegerd I "The Sinner" (399-420) allowed Christians to openly worship and rebuild their churches, but later he subjected Christians to severe persecution.

The successor of Yazdegerd I Bahram V Gur continued to severely persecute Christians. They fled to the possessions of Byzantium. Constantinople refused to extradite the fugitives, and the shahanshah declared war on Byzantium, which he lost. He had to remember the commandment of Ardashir I: "There can be no power without an army, no army without money, no money without agriculture and no agriculture without justice."

Khosrov I Anoshervan, who ruled from 531 to 579, tried to follow this commandment many years later. He inherited a heavy legacy. Iran suffered from the arbitrariness of local authorities, corrupt officials, religious fanaticism and crime.

Having ascended the throne, Khosrow I divided the country into four huge governorships. Personally delving into the affairs of government and using ubiquitous informants, he kept the governors under his control.

To boost agriculture, a new procedure for levying land tax was introduced. From ancient times, taxes were paid to the treasury depending on the fertility of the soil. It could be from 1/10 to 1/2 of the crop. Such an order of taxation was burdensome also because of the extortion of officials. He did not encourage the farmer to collect a larger crop, he led to considerable losses, because. it was not possible to reap bread or pick fruit until the tax collector determined the share that belonged to the treasury. They told a story that happened during the time of Khosrov's father, Sha-Khanshah Kavad, who once saw how a mother beat her son because he picked a bunch of grapes. The woman took it from the boy and tied it to a vine. When asked why she did this, the woman replied: * The royal share has not yet been collected, and therefore it is impossible to touch the grapes.

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Khosrow I ordered that the tax be taken to the treasury only from the sown land in the amount determined by the government. Taxes were imposed on fruit trees, property, and a poll tax. These taxes were levied not at once, but in three installments with a break of four months. To avoid harassment in the collection of taxes, the priests were allowed to check the activities of officials.

Shahanshah monitored the state of the irrigation system. The main trade caravan routes were guarded. Sufficient funds were allocated for the construction of bridges and the maintenance of roads in good condition. Caravan routes ran through the Iranian Highlands, connecting the ports of the eastern Mediterranean with Central Asia, China and India.

Concerned about strengthening the military power of Iran, Khosrov I, along with the militia, also created regular military units. He inspired by his own example that the salary is received not for the title, but for training and discipline. So, once he came for money on horseback in combat attire, but during the check he did not have any two gizmos that were part of the equipment of the horseman. The chief treasurer did not give the king a salary until he returned fully equipped.

Khosrow I was ruthless if anything threatened his power. Having ascended the throne, the shahanshah found out that his brother was participating in a conspiracy against him. To prevent further attempts on the crown, Khosrow slaughtered all his brothers along with their male offspring.

He remembered how his father Kavad I, having supported the teachings of the heretic Mazdak, lost his throne: the dissatisfied nobility put another shahanshah in his place. Having become king, Khosrow lured Mazdak and his associates into his palace and killed them. It is said that 100,000 followers of Mazdak's teachings were killed throughout the country.

The court and punishments under Khosrow I were severe. But, probably for the first time in the history of the country, cruelty in the administration of justice was mitigated by mercy, especially when it came to punishing young people.

Shahanshah believed that the larger the population of the country, the greater its wealth. Therefore, he ordered that in his dominions the women should be married and the men should be married. And everyone worked. Khosrow I declared begging and idleness to be misdemeanors deserving punishment. Khosrow I entered the history of Iran under the name of Ano-Shervan - the Just.

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пятница, 26 июня 2020 г.

News update 26/06/2020 (02346)

пятница, 26 июня 2020 г.

News update 26/06/2020 (02346)

пятница, 26 июня 2020 г.