понедельник, 22 июня 2020 г.

News update 22/0-6/2020 (23899)

When it got dark and the stars lit up in the sky, Bhanugupta, who could not find a place for himself, climbed to the roof of the palace. Covered by the air scorched during the day, he thought about the coolness of the palace, where a small fragrant fountain beat in every room, and the walls were cooled with the help of special devices. By the light of the moon, from the roof one could see the observatory, warehouses, arsenal, guard rooms, watchtowers, stables, stalls for elephants, the palace pool. Next came the city buildings. Bhanugupta absentmindedly looked from the temple to the caravanserai and beyond: the school, the hospital, the sacred grove...

Thought did not leave him. That evening he did not touch the chess, he passed indifferently past the peacocks in huge golden cages. What was the great king of the mighty state Guptov thinking about that evening? Maybe he remembered the victories over the enemies? Or did he understand that, despite military successes, the state was weakening, and foresaw difficult days ahead? It was 510 years...

Bhanugupta was the last ruler of a great empire. Subsequently, historians will call the period of Gupta rule the time of the greatest prosperity of the united country - the “golden age of India”. The once mighty state soon disintegrates into many small feudal estates.

The richest feudal lords were, of course, Hindu monasteries and temples. Their lands, granted by the lords for a period of time "as long as the Sun and the Moon shine," i.e. forever exempted from all taxes. Already since the VI century. temples receive whole villages as a gift, the inhabitants of which were charged with the duty to supply the clergy with food. Divine services in the temples took place many times a day, and each required garlands of fresh flowers, a variety of incense, fresh ghee. All of the above were supplied exclusively by "their" peasants. Many people lived at the temples - artisans, scribes, musicians and even ... dancers. After all, some ancient dances were performed not for entertainment, but only as a dedication to the gods. These dancers, "devadasi" ("given to God"), constituted a separate caste. Their daughters inherited their mothers' profession. In each temple, along with a sanctuary, a hall for worshipers, a hall for offering gifts, there was a “nat-mandir” - a hall for ritual dances.
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Already in the early Middle Ages, two types of Zhndus temples developed. The northern ones, “nagara-shikhara”, are graceful, close in shape to an ellipse and, as it were, “stuck around” on all sides with carved half-turrets of various sizes. They are named after the semi-legendary architect Nagara (“shikhara” means “top”). At the very top of the temple is a trident - the symbol of the god Shiva. The most beautiful and famous temples of this type are the Lingaraja temple in the city of Bhubaneswar, the temple of the Sun in the city of Kona-rak, also called the "Black Pagoda", and, of course, the temple complex in Khajuraho. The southern temples, "dravida-shikhara" (dravids - the ancient inhabitants of India), on the contrary, are massive and outwardly resemble a multi-stage pyramid topped with a dome or gable roof. The most complete picture of them is given by the famous temple complex in the town of Mahabalipuram on the shores of the Bay of Bengal.

Despite the fact that Buddhism as a religion has already lost its dominant role, Buddhist temples were built along with Hindu temples. The temples of Ajanta are undoubtedly the best example.

The once flourishing monastery at Ajanta was fading away. There were fewer pilgrims, incense was less often smoked in front of the image of the Buddha, the monks dispersed to other monasteries. Wild animals entered the deserted sanctuaries, snakes crawled in, birds nested, and when the jungle hid even the entrances to the monastery from human eyes, people forgot about it.

At the beginning of the XIX century. one English officer, hunting in the mountains of the Northern Deccan, accidentally noticed the vague outlines of the caves. With difficulty he reached them. There were 29 caves, and inside there were magnificent buildings with well-preserved paintings. Scientists have figured out how they appeared.

At first, craftsmen prepared a mixture of clay, cow dung and trap stone powder, sometimes adding rice husks for strength. On this layer, a thin layer of white chunam plaster was applied with a special brush and polished with a thin iron spatula. For the preparation of paints, eggs were ground, adding rice water, molasses, glue and the necessary dyes (except for lapis lazuli, brought from the island of Lanka, they were obtained from local minerals).