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At the junction of antiquity and the Middle Ages in the history of Europe, Asia and northern Africa, there was still a rather long period called the "epoch of the migration of peoples." There was a migration of the "barbarian" tribes of Asia and Europe to the territory of the ancient centers of civilization. On the conquered lands, "barbarian" states were created, which became the basis for the states of the Middle Ages. Moreover, the new social relations and culture that developed in them subsequently had a strong influence on the territories where the former forward movement was not interrupted by force. The result was medieval feudal states with more or less significant differences between them.

The integrity of the cultures of most territories and peoples of Europe, Asia and North Africa was clearly manifested in the development of military affairs.

At the turn of antiquity and the Middle Ages, we observe a striking similarity both in the principles of combat, and in the composition of the troops and the nature of weapons from Britain and Egypt to Iran and Japan. The differences between the "civilized" peoples and the "barbarians" concerned mainly the organization, recruitment and supply of the army. But they turned out to be insignificant, because. troops were often recruited from "barbarian" detachments who fought as mercenaries, allies or federates with their own weapons, familiar methods and under the command of their own chiefs. Sometimes these were militias of some tribes led by military leaders. And then tribal solidarity, barbaric courage and primitive greed for prey - especially for the products of urban centers, prestigious decorations, weapons, rich clothes, dishes, horses and slaves - made such detachments invincible in battle.

Technical and combat means that turned a heavily armed cataphractary horseman of antiquity into a medieval knight appeared as early as the 3rd century BC. BC. at the junction of Manchuria, Korea and the northeastern regions of China. It was a saddle with high hard bows, stirrups and sabers. The saddle with hard bows and stirrups, invented by the Chinese - unimportant riders - to make it easier to climb on the back of a horse and sit on it, unexpectedly changed the tactics and fighting technique. They allowed the rider to strike a terrible blow with a spear, holding his shaft under his arm, resting his lower back on the back pommel, and his feet on the stirrups. Thanks to the stirrups, the strength increased sharply and the accuracy of the chopping and cutting blow with the blade increased, which later led to the invention of the saber.

By this time, reliable protective equipment appears in the region. Warriors were dressed in armor - jackets, consisting of plates or strips of metal with holes for cords or ribbons, connecting them into a continuous flexible surface, a standing high collar and long wide leggings made of plates or plates sewn onto a soft base. Sometimes the shell was made from large pieces of metal, forming a breastplate and backplate - a kind of cuirass. The heads of the warriors were covered by sphero-conical helmets, also assembled from iron plates, with plume-decorated tops, with devices made of plates, scales or strips of metal to protect the neck and cheeks. The horse shell, which covered the entire animal, consisted of plates interconnected. The horse's head was protected by a forged steel mask, sometimes a browband. Shields, rectangular of leather or wicker, covered with iron plates, were used only by lightly armed horsemen and foot soldiers.

The offensive weapons were: a long straight blade with one handle, sharpened on one side (the second side was sometimes sharpened to 1/5-1/4 of the length); a long spear with a flag or a brush under the tip; a large, powerful composite bow with arrows, worn with the bowstring removed. Rare additions were knives, daggers, axes and maces.

In the I-VIII centuries. the listed weapons and equipment were widespread in China, Korea, Japan, in the territories of Mongolia, Tibet, South Siberia and in the 4th century. together with the Huns came to the West.

In the spaces from the Urals to Britain and from Scandinavia to the Persian Gulf, heavy cavalry had very similar defensive means. The same, but sphero-conical, helmets with earpieces consisted of wider segments, and the backplate was chain mail. Chest and back in the IV-VI centuries. covered with chain mail, although they also did not refuse armor from interconnected plates. In the east of Eurasia, bracers and greaves made from strips of metal or pieces of thick hard leather were popular, but in the west they were rare. In the zones of the closest contact between Eastern and Western cultures - in East Turkestan, Central Asia, in the spaces from Western Siberia to the Danube, in Iran - a combination of chain mail and lamellar structures of protective equipment was observed.

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Heavy horse armor in the western zone did not receive any wide distribution and was sometimes used where such a tradition existed in antiquity or where the influence of the East affected: the eastern regions of the Roman Empire, Iran. European horsemen and foot soldiers widely used large oval and round wooden shields with a long iron umbon. And from weapons they preferred a long sword and a spear. Foot soldiers, especially German ones, were very fond of short throwing spears - darts - and battle axes, with which they not only chopped, but also threw them at the enemy.

So the "barbarian" invasions were by no means attacks by hordes of half-naked, dressed in the skins of savages on well-dressed and armed, educated and cultured defenders of civilization.

Of course, the Romans, Chinese, Persians or Indians from ancient times developed and applied military theories, including those relating to the most complex tactical formations. On the other hand, the "barbarian" leaders, finding themselves in the service of empires, themselves were imbued with the bookish science of war. But they already knew many tactical tricks that the “barbarian” tribes used from ancient times: false retreats, ambush, division of detachments along the front and in depth, the use of hidden reserves, the use of a mobile fortified camp, where wagons played the role of walls ... These "barbaric" methods opposed the much simplified tactics of the legions of the Roman Empire, which left the manipulative system and cunning formations and returned to the phalanx. But it was precisely the successful combination of Roman and "barbarian" traditions that allowed the Eastern Roman commanders Belisarius and Narses in the 6th century. to return to the empire significant territories that had been torn away from it in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

The era of the early Middle Ages (7th-11th centuries) is considered by historians as a period of decline in military art. Only sometimes there were short-term upsurges of one or another people, commander, some country. We can name the military episodes of the Arab-Muslim conquests, the campaigns of the Vikings, the Frankish empire of Charlemagne, the Chinese Tang empire, the state of Mahmud of Ghaznevi...

Media, News, Publishing

воскресенье, 21 июня 2020 г.

News update 22/02/2013 (3758)

воскресенье, 21 июня 2020 г.

News update 22/02/2013 (3758)

воскресенье, 21 июня 2020 г.