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In Europe, there is a simplification of military affairs: everything, as in the days of military leaders, their squads and tribal militias, only now - at the level of Christian states, with ranks, titles and other attributes of the Middle Ages. As a result, the troops drastically decreased in number, but the quality of each professional fighter, who devoted his whole life to perfecting the art of war, noticeably increased. The general reduction in the quantity and quality of weapons production in the cities of Europe led to a drop in the skill of the fighters.

From the rare scattered castles, a few knights in expensive equipment, with expensive weapons, went to war, accompanied by their own "army" of several tens or hundreds of fighters. The battles of the early Middle Ages took place between tiny, several thousand, armies. There were simply not enough people for complex maneuvers and formations. In addition, the feudal, class and personal pride of the knight, nurtured over the centuries, undermined military discipline, without which any tactical manipulations are impossible. The knight, at best, could execute one command - “forward”, and then the competition began ... with comrades-in-arms. Moreover, according to the same ridiculous "laws of honor", the commander (also a knight), in order not to lose dignity, had to go on the attack together with the soldiers and be the first among them. What a martial art! The battle turned into a series of duels, controlled by nothing and no one. The outcome depended on the qualities of the fighters and their numerical ratio.

The armament and equipment of the early knights remained unpretentious. No wonder experts call this time the “age of chain mail”. Indeed, until the thirteenth century chain mail dominates Europe. But chain mail was a shirt with short sleeves until the 10th century. Later, it is replaced by a "hauberk" - a long (up to the knees and below) shirt with long sleeves ending in mittens and with a hood. They put on chainmail stockings on their legs. The spheroconic helmet had a large nose piece. Wooden, covered with canvas or leather, the shield, most likely under Byzantine influence, acquired the shape of a drop with the tip down. However, the round iron umbon in the middle of it remained. The main weapons were the sword and spear. They were supplemented by battle axes and clubs. The foot warrior began to use the composite bow of the oriental type. By the 11th century crossbow appeared in Europe. It is interesting that it was the bow and crossbow that were considered the most dangerous weapons by the knights, because. an arrow shot from a not very far distance pierced the chain mail.

This is what led to the appearance of formations in a column and a wedge, which were used to get closer to the enemy. The fact is that the knights tried to save the strength of the horses for the attack, since the heavy equipment exhausted the animal, and until the last moment they rode at a trot, even at a walk. It was at this time that they were an ideal target for archers and crossbowmen of the enemy. A column or a wedge made it possible to reduce the number of people at risk of being hit by an arrow. At a distance of about 200 m from the enemy, the wedge "spread" to the sides, and the resulting rank quickly galloped at the enemy with spears at the ready.

And such is the army in the XI-XII centuries. clashed during the Crusades with the armies of Muslim sovereigns. This is where the problems started. The warriors of the Muslim East inherited the wonderful military traditions of Iran and, to some extent, the eastern regions of the Roman Empire, enriched by the experience of the Turks.

The warrior dressed in chain mail and a caftan quilted on cotton wool, over which he put on a shell of interconnected plates or scales sewn onto fabric or leather. A spheroconic helmet often had a steel half-mask and always a chain mail aventail (covering the neck and sometimes the face). A round small shield, greaves made of leather reinforced with steel plaques complemented the protective equipment. The warrior's horse was also covered with a shell - chain mail or scaly, or made of soft leather, thick, fabric or felt, in some places sheathed with plaques. The sword and spear were the main weapons of attack. A small but powerful and flexible composite bow, battle axes, darts, and maces completed the arsenal.

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Full-fledged fighters were considered a heavily armed horseman and a light horse archer, which was not in Europe. The discipline of Muslim warriors gave the commander more opportunities to lead the fighting army. So complex formations, movements on the battlefield, manipulation of individual units were used by Muslim commanders.

The collision of a simplified military machine in Europe with a much more complex, developed eastern one revealed the only advantage of the Europeans - resilience. Moreover, endurance in unusual natural conditions. The ability to learn was useful. The European rulers in the East made up mercenary detachments of horse archers from local residents. Such warriors were called tur-cops. To increase discipline, the knights had to give up many of the joys of life, pull off their arrogance with a rigid hoop of discipline and subordination. So the spiritual and knightly orders began to be created.

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The military traditions of the Roman Empire were continued and developed in Byzantium. Here there is a combination of personal squads of the emperor and the highest nobles, mercenary and allied detachments who fought with their own weapons, and often under the command of their commanders, and the militias of military settlers - farmers who owned land subject to compulsory military service. The armament of the Byzantines, although it resembled the Muslim one, was closer to the ancient Roman prototypes.

The greatest opportunities for the development of military affairs were in China, where, in addition to practical, detailed military treatises, the military leader had at his disposal a populous army, the widest choice of weapons, a powerful production base, and even detachments of nomadic federates who were ready to heroize in the name of booty or out of fear of punishment. interests of the next emperor.

Reliable armor - shells made of interconnected steel plates or leather and quilted intricately cut panels, stacked helmets with lamellar aventails, legguards and greaves, standing combat collars - varied in an endless number of modifications.

No less diverse were swords, sabers, spears, axes, halberds and glaives. Chinese warriors loved powerful compound bows. Needless to say, the tradition of booking a horse in China continued to develop.

The Japanese, having received their initial impulse from Korea and China, cultivated everything related to weapons so lovingly that they developed completely original forms. They achieved especially great success in the production of blades, which in the 7th-8th centuries. They began to make the Damascus method. As one of the metal components, they used pieces of high-carbon steel - damask steel.

However, in military tactics, this period was characterized by maximum simplicity. The fight was a tournament "to first blood", because. opponents, leaving the ranks, introduced themselves to each other, and then entered into a duel.

In the Х1П century. The Mongol invasion stirred up and in many ways changed the military affairs of Asia and Europe. The key to the success of Genghis Khan and his heirs was the strictest discipline, based both on a system of material incentives and on the most severe punishments for misconduct. The squads of steppe riders turned into a real army that retained all the advantages of nomadic armies - speed of movement, maneuverability in a campaign and on the battlefield, traditions of division of troops and allocation of reserves, methods of false retreats with luring into an ambush. Discipline gave the centuries-old methods "purity of execution", and the powers and authority of the commander so increased the power of the army that half the world was under the hooves of the Mongol horses.

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суббота, 20 июня 2020 г.

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суббота, 20 июня 2020 г.

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суббота, 20 июня 2020 г.