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Your name - a diamond - is not subject to the waves of time, washing out the names of all kings from memory. The Cuban romantic poet Jose Maria Heredia dedicated these lines to his contemporary Simon Bolivar. The poetic prophecy has come true. The waves of time not only did not carry away the name of the great Liberator of Latin America into the bottomless Leta, but, moreover, gave it even greater radiance, revealing to posterity new, hitherto unknown facets of his talent.

Simon Bolivar was born on June 24, 1783 in the city of Caracas into an aristocratic family whose ancestors settled in Venezuela as early as the 16th century. Nobility and material wealth, it would seem, guaranteed him a cloudless life. However, a series of losses soon followed: in 1786, the father died, in 1792, the mother, and a year later, the grandfather who took care of Simon.

Deprived of parental affection, the boy grew up faster than his peers. He received a good education at home, his teachers were Andre Bello, a poet, philologist, lawyer, and Simon Rodriguez, an author of philosophical and pedagogical works. Years later, Bolivar wrote about Rodriguez: "To him I owe everything ... He shaped my heart for freedom, for justice, for the great, for the beautiful."

The teacher and student have been to Europe many times. In 1806, in Rome, on the Sacred Mountain, Bolivar, addressing Rodriguez, solemnly said: “I swear before you and before the God of my parents, I swear by them, I swear by my honor, I swear by the Motherland that my hand and my soul will not know tired until the chains of Spanish slavery that oppress us are broken.”

For more than three centuries, most of the peoples of the New World were ruled by Spain. During this time, irresolvable contradictions arose between the mother country and the colonies. Creoles - immigrants from the Iberian Peninsula who settled in America - were especially annoyed by restrictions in the field of trade and in the political sphere. The first were limited to a ban on trade with other states, the second actually closed Creoles access to senior positions in the colonial administration. The Indian native population could not accept the encroachment on their land and freedom; Negro slaves - with cruel treatment and exploitation. Equally hateful for Latin Americans were the numerous prohibitions in cultural life. After the start of the French Revolution, almost everything French was banned in Spain and its colonies: from the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” to vests in the latest Parisian fashion, not to mention books and newspapers.
Bolivar and other leaders of the war of independence (Francisco de Miranda, Antonio Nari-no, José de San Martin, Bernardo O'Higgins, Antonio José Sucre) were convinced that the successful outcome of the struggle of the peoples of Spanish America for liberation was unthinkable without their solidarity and unity. As early as 1812, Bolívar spoke of Venezuela and "all America" ​​fighting for a common cause.

In a letter from Jamaica on September 6, 1815, which became one of the program documents of the war of independence, Bolivar stated long before its outcome: “The fate of America was finally determined. The ties that connected it with Spain are severed."

Both Bolivar and many of his associates at the beginning of the 19th century. hoped for help from the United States - the first republic in the Western Hemisphere. “We are alone, we are forced to turn to the North for help, primarily because they are our neighbors and brothers, and also due to the fact that we have neither the means nor the opportunities for contacts with other countries,” Bolivar wrote. However, by declaring neutrality, "neighbors and brothers" actually sided with Spain.

Already in the 20s. 19th century Bolivar quite accurately predicted the main directions of the US territorial expansion in the New World. “Look closely at the map,” he told his adjutant, General O'Leary. - In the north you will see the USA, our mighty neighbor, whose friendship with us is based on arithmetic: I give you so much, in return I want twice as much. The United States has taken over Florida... will be after Cuba and Puerto Rico. If the Mexicans allow it, they will take over Texas, and, perhaps, all of Mexico.”

"Homeland, independence, freedom!" - under these slogans passed the war years - 1810-1826. There were victories and defeats, failures and successes. In those days, Bolivar was truly ubiquitous. “He lived, as it were, among flashes of flame and was himself a flame,” José Marti wrote about him. 15 years of heroic service, 472 battles - this is the track record of Bolivar - a soldier and commander. His name is associated with the formation of a number of independent states of South America - Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador.
The fragile sovereignty of the young republics could at any moment fail to withstand the economic and political, and sometimes even military pressure of the most powerful European powers, which mainly supported Spain in its long-term campaign to retain the colonies. (Yes, and CDXA did not stand aside.) In Europe, as you know, all issues relating to international relations were resolved in those years within the framework of the "Holy Alliance". Hence the desire of Bolívar to create a "Sacred Union of Nations", which could oppose the "Sacred Union" of monarchs.

Twice he tried to put into practice the idea of ​​Latin American unity. First of all, he wanted to achieve this by including in a broad confederation of the Hispanic states of the Western Hemisphere. Its original model could be the so-called "Great Colombia" - the state created by Bolivar, which included Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador on a voluntary basis. It existed from 1821 to 1830.

The weakness and prematureness of this unification was revealed very quickly. Vast distances and the absence of a wide network of communications, economic devastation, the appearance of numerous caudillos on the ground who opposed the central government - all this led to fragmentation, strife, and ultimately to the collapse of the "Great Colombia".

Once again, Bolivar tried to breathe life into the idea of ​​Latin American unity in 1826 at the Panama Congress convened on his initiative. His plans included the establishment of a regularly convened congress of all Latin American states in Panama, i.e. in the heart of the New World. In the event of a general danger, forces were to be concentrated there to neutralize it, and in peacetime the congress would play the role of mediator and arbitrator. If necessary, it was supposed to put the army and navy at his disposal. But everything remained only in the field of projects. Only delegates from Colombia, Peru, Mexico and the Central American Federation were present at the congress, ruining Bolívar's plans. He wrote sadly that at that moment he "looked like that crazy Greek who, sitting on a rock, tried to control the ships passing by."
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“I will do everything in my power for America!” - this phrase, uttered by the Liberator on October 21, 1825, reflects the deep essence of his ebullient activity, but it was in the second half of the 20s. Bolivar's maximalism was the most tested. Many noble plans could not be realized - not only the United States and Great Britain interfered, sharp internal political contradictions were added in the "Great Colombia" itself. The strife, envy and vanity of some yesterday's friends and associates, the struggle for power and the slander spread by his opponents in the army - all this complicated the situation in the country and undermined the forces of the Liberator.

He is accused of establishing a dictatorship, and in response to this, in 1829 - early 1830, he asked Congress three times to resign. “I am suspected of seeking to establish tyranny. But if the fate of the state depends on one person, then such a state has no right to exist and will eventually perish, ”he wrote in his resignation letter. After his request was granted on March 1, 1830, Bolivar was going to go to Europe, but died on his native continent on December 17, 1830.
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