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1919-1920 - the rise of the revolutionary movement in Italy. The big bourgeoisie, having strengthened its positions during the war and wishing to maintain them, frightened by the scale of the labor movement and not having its own serious political party, begins to invest in Mussolini's organizations. Thus, the most likely way for Italy to get out of the revolutionary crisis is the path of repression and terror with an admixture of chauvinism. On October 2, 1922, Mussolini, with his supporters, built in columns of many thousands, carried out a campaign against Rome. The Italian Parliament passes power to him by majority vote. So Italy became the world's first fascist state.

Until 1926, Mussolini did not dare to openly act only by violence. He considered 1926 to be "Napoleonic". It was then that he finally destroyed the remnants of the opposition: emergency laws were issued, according to which all political parties, except for the fascist, were banned and dissolved. And deputies from them were expelled from parliament. In 1926, Mussolini created a fascist tribunal that condemned 2947 anti-fascists from 1927 to 1937. The Grand Fascist Council became the supreme legislative body of the country. In Italy, an open fascist dictatorship was finally formed: all democratic freedoms were abolished, free trade unions were banned, open terror began to be used against all anti-fascist figures, which began with the murder of a deputy from the Socialist Party Matteoni. Mussolini called his regime totalitarian (which roughly means "a regime in which the state covers and controls all aspects of society"). In the 30s. a new police force was created. The authorities began to encourage denunciations, incite citizens' suspicion of each other. The old morality was declared a bourgeois relic, and the new one consisted in the complete subordination of the interests of the individual to the fascist state.

As far back as 1923, in the field of foreign policy, Mussolini embarked on the path of aggression (bombing and capturing the island of Corfu). But the situation, which was unfavorable for the aggressive plans of the Duce, forced him for the time being to refrain from carrying out his aggressive plans. Preparations for military and colonial conquests allowed Italy to emerge from the "Great Depression" of the 1930s with minimal losses.

Hitler's coming to power in Germany in 1933 gave Mussolini a worthy ally. Confident in the support of Nazi Germany and the neutrality of France, Mussolini captured Ethiopia, which was accompanied by a savage massacre of the country's population. The joint desire for a new redivision of the world through another world war strengthened contacts between Mussolini and Hitler. Based on the alliance with Nazi Germany and the signed Rome agreements (Berlin-Rome axis), supplemented in 1937 by the Triple Alliance (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo), Mussolini proceeds to implement his aggressive plans in Europe. In 1936, in alliance with Hitler, he organized a fascist military revolt against the republican system in Spain. Taking advantage of the de facto neutrality of the countries of Western Europe and their complete non-intervention, the Duce carried out a broad intervention against Spain, as a result of which the regime of General Franco was established in the country.

To please Hitler, Mussolini supported the German takeover of Austria. From August 1938, imitating Hitler's national policy, he issued a whole series of anti-Semitic laws. True, the Italian fascist regime was much more liberal than the German one. Jews were not burned in ovens, they were not thrown into camps - during all the years of fascism in Italy, "only" 3,500 Jewish families were persecuted. Mass executions and torture began here only in 1943.

Huge power was concentrated in the hands of Mussolini: the head of the fascist party, the chairman of the council of ministers, the head of the internal police detachments. In September 1938, Mussolini was one of the organizers of the Munich Agreement, which predetermined the capture of Czechoslovakia by Germany and contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

In this war, Italy participated on the side of Nazi Germany, acting as an intermediary between Germany, England and France. Since 1943, for Mussolini and his regime, dark times have come. The successes of the Red Army activate the anti-fascist movement in Italy itself. There are dissatisfied even among the inner circle of the Duce. In July 1943, the United States and England, allies of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition, began military operations in Sicily, and then in Italy itself. This operation ended with the capitulation of Italy on September 3, 1943, signed on the island of Sicily by King Victor Emmanuel III. The Fascist Grand Council votes against Mussolini. The king of Italy, who had not shown himself in the political life of the country for almost two decades, in September 1943 ordered his punishers to arrest Mussolini. Soon, however, he was released by German paratroopers and brought to Germany. This operation was organized by SS Sturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny, one of the people closest to Hitler. After negotiations with Hitler, Mussolini was sent under German guard to northern Italy to lead the Salo Republic, the Italian Social Republic, hastily created to cover German communications. Its capital was the small resort town of Salo in Lombardy. The main slogans that Mussolini puts forward at this time is to restore the desecrated honor, dignity and greatness

Italy, wash away the shame of surrender. Mussolini accused Victor Emmanuel of defeatism, of organizing a coup d'état.

On September 23, 1943, Mussolini formed a new government, in which he also took the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. September 28-29 The Italian Social Republic is recognized by Germany, Japan, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. The time has come for the Duce to deal with those who voted against him at the Great Fascist Council. Mussolini did not hesitate to shoot the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, the husband of his beloved eldest daughter Edda, Galiazzo Ciano.

In the spring and summer of 1944, the position of the Republic of Salo worsened. On June 4, 1944, the Americans entered Rome, in August - Florence and moved to the north of Italy. It was at this time that the orgy of ruthless reprisals of the Nazis against dissidents began.

In the spring of 1945, resistance detachments launched a decisive offensive - they cut roads, attacked fascist garrisons, and engaged in battle with columns of retreating Wehrmacht troops.

On April 27, 1945, in the town of Dongo in northern Italy, a small detachment of partisans stopped the retreating German unit. During a search of one of the trucks, a man was found in it, in whom one could easily recognize Mussolini. In complete secrecy, he was removed from the truck. The next morning, Colonel Valerio, sent by the command of the Resistance movement, arrived from Milan for him. The colonel took the prisoner to the village of Giulio di Mezzetro, where he shot him. After death the body

Mussolini was hung upside down as a sign of shame.

Thus ended the life of a man who aspired to create a new Great Roman Empire.

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