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Ne meneye ozhestochonnaya bor'ba shla v Atlantike. V nachale voyny Angliya i Frantsiya imeli podavlyayushcheye prevoskhodstvo nad Germaniyey na more. Nemtsy ne imeli avianostsev, linkory tol'ko stroilis'. Ponimaya ekonomicheskuyu zavisimost' Anglii ot yeyo ogromnykh vladeniy v raznykh kontsakh sveta, nemetskoye komandovaniye otryadilo protiv britanskogo gruzovogo i torgovogo flota znachitel'nyye sily. S pervykh dney voyny nemetskiye kreysery vyshli «na okhotu» za britanskimi sudami v otkrytyy okean i dazhe k beregam Latinskoy Ameriki i Afriki. Odnovremenno nachalos' intensivnoye stroitel'stvo podvodnykh lodok dal'nego radiusa deystviya. Posle okkupatsii Norvegii i Frantsii Germaniya poluchila prekrasno osnashchonnyye bazy podvodnogo flota na atlanticheskom poberezh'ye Yevropy. Soyuzniki ponimali opasnost', svyazannuyu s usileniyem nemetskogo flota. Kogda v maye 1941 g. v severnoy Atlantike vo glave nebol'shoy gruppy korabley poyavilsya tol'ko chto spushchennyy na vodu nemetskiy linkor «Bismark», anglichane brosili protiv nego okolo 50 boyevykh sudov, vklyuchaya neskol'ko linkorov, i svyshe 100 samolotov. V rezul'tate trokhdnevnogo boya * Bismark» poshol ko dnu, uspev, odnako, potopit' odin i vyvesti iz stroya drugoy britanskiy linkor. S kontsa 1941 g. podvodnyye lodki nemtsev poyavilis' u beregov Ameriki i Kanady, a takzhe v Karibskom more. Ikh izlyublennoy dobychey byli tankery. Okazalas' pod ugrozoy «morskaya neftyanaya doroga» iz Meksiki i Venesuely v SSHA. «Podvodnyye lodki dnom lezhali na dne, — pishet Cherchill', — a noch'yu razvivali vysokuyu nadvodnuyu skorost' i vybirali naiboleye vygodnuyu dobychu... Pochti kazhdaya ikh torpeda porazhala svoyu zhertvu, a kogda zapas torped issyakal, orudiynyy ogon' byl pochti stol' zhe effektivnym. V goroda Atlanticheskogo poberezh'ya, gde... liniya berega byla polnost'yu osveshchena, po nocham donosilis' zvuki boya... bylo vidno, kak nevdaleke ot berega goreli i tonuli suda, i prinimalis' mery po spaseniyu ostavshikhsya v zhivykh i ranenykh». Slozhnoye dlya soyuznikov polozheniye skladyvalos' v severnoy Atlantike, gde prokhodili puti morskikh konvoyev iz Ameriki i Kanady v Yevropu. Kazhdyy konvoy formirovalsya iz neskol'kikh desyatkov sudov — gruzovykh i okhranyavshikh ikh boyevykh. Nemetskiye boyevyye korabli i podvodnyye lodki topili mnogiye suda, khotya i sami nesli poteri. Ochen' trudnym byl put' v severnyye sovetskiye porty vdol' poberezh'ya Norvegii, gde bazirovalas' nemetskaya aviatsiya. V nachale 1942 g. po prikazu Gitlera, pridavavshego bol'shoye znacheniye severnomu teatru voyennykh deystviy, nemtsy perebrosili tuda luchshiye korabli nemetskogo flota vo glave s novym sverkhmoshchnym linkorom «Tirpits» (nazvan po imeni osnovatelya germanskogo flota).

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No less fierce struggle was going on in the Atlantic. At the beginning of the war, England and France had overwhelming superiority over Germany at sea. The Germans did not have aircraft carriers, battleships were only being built. Understanding the economic dependence of England on its vast possessions in different parts of the world, the German command detached significant forces against the British cargo and merchant fleet. From the first days of the war, German cruisers went "hunting" for British ships in the open ocean and even to the shores of Latin America and Africa. At the same time, intensive construction of long-range submarines began. After the occupation of Norway and France, Germany received well-equipped submarine bases on the Atlantic coast of Europe.

The Allies understood the danger associated with the strengthening of the German fleet. When in May 1941 the newly launched German battleship Bismarck appeared in the North Atlantic at the head of a small group of ships, the British threw about 50 warships against it, including several battleships, and over 100 aircraft. As a result of a three-day battle * Bismarck "sank, having managed, however, to sink one and disable another British battleship.

From the end of 1941, German submarines appeared off the coast of America and Canada, as well as in the Caribbean. Tankers were their favorite prey. The “offshore oil road” from Mexico and Venezuela to the United States was threatened. “Submarines lay at the bottom during the day,” Churchill writes, “and at night they developed high surface speed and chose the most profitable prey ... Almost every one of their torpedoes hit its victim, and when the supply of torpedoes ran out, gunfire was almost as effective. In the cities of the Atlantic coast, where ... the coastline was completely illuminated, the sounds of battle were heard at night ... it was clear how ships were burning and sinking not far from the coast, and measures were taken to save the survivors and the wounded.

A difficult situation for the Allies was developing in the North Atlantic, where sea convoys from America and Canada to Europe passed. Each convoy was formed from several dozen ships - cargo ships and combat ships guarding them. German warships and submarines sank many ships, although they themselves suffered losses. The route to the northern Soviet ports along the coast of Norway, where German aviation was based, was very difficult. In early 1942, on the orders of Hitler, who attached great importance to the northern theater of operations, the Germans transferred the best ships of the German fleet there, led by the new heavy-duty battleship Tirpitz (named after the founder of the German fleet).

At the beginning of July 1942, another naval tragedy of the Second World War broke out here. An Anglo-American convoy under the code name "PQ-17" ("PiQ-17") went from Iceland to the Soviet Union, consisting of 34 cargo ships and tankers, 21 escort ships and a large group of cover ships. Tirpitz and other German ships rushed to intercept, bombers rose from Norwegian airfields. The first raids were repulsed. And then something incomprehensible happened: most of the guard and cover ships were ordered to leave the convoy in order to distract and destroy the Tirpitz. The beating of almost defenseless ships began. The remaining warships fought heroically, literally shielding low-speed transports from submarine torpedoes... Only 11 ships reached their target. And the Tirpitz, which evaded the battle, went to the Norwegian coast, where it was torpedoed by either a Soviet or an English submarine. Having stood for repairs until the autumn of 1944, the battleship was nevertheless sunk by British aircraft.

The Germans more than once attacked northern convoys, sank American and British ships in the central Atlantic. Until the end of 1942, the Allies were losing more ships than they had time to build. It became clear that the outcome of the Battle of the Atlantic could affect the further course of the war. Reliable protection of the coast of America and Canada and sea caravans was organized. The fleet and aviation received modern radars. New American long-range bombers "Liberator" ("Liberator"), rising from Canadian and Icelandic airfields, tracked down German submarines and ships. By the spring of 1943, the Allies had achieved a breakthrough in the battle for the sea, and by the end of that year they had sunk or damaged the most combat-ready German ships in the North Atlantic.

1943 also brought a general turning point in the war in the West. The victory in North Africa allowed the Allies to deliver a decisive blow to Italy. The Italian army was in a state of decay caused by the defeat of its best divisions in Russia and Africa. When an Anglo-American landing force landed on Sicily, Italy's key stronghold in the Mediterranean, in July from the sea and from the air, it was resisted only by the German units stationed there.

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суббота, 21 марта 2020 г.

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суббота, 21 марта 2020 г.

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суббота, 21 марта 2020 г.