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There are two periods in the history of mankind - the primitive and the period of the existence of complexly organized, class societies. The first of them lasted many hundreds of thousands of years, the second - not for long. In primitive times, man became a man in the full sense of the word, his culture arose. Collectives of people were relatively small and simply organized, with a primitive way of life, which is why they are called primary - primitive. At first, in order to get their own food, people were engaged in gathering and hunting, using stone tools. Then they began to grow the plants they needed for themselves, breed domestic animals, build dwellings, and create settlements.

People in primitive communities were equal in their position, with the same rights and obligations, among them there were no rich and poor. Relations between families and individuals were determined by kinship, and the norm in this society was help and mutual support.

According to the materials from which people made tools, archaeologists divide history into three "ages": stone, bronze and iron. The Stone Age was the longest - it began about 2.5 million years ago, and ended 3 thousand years BC. The Bronze Age lasted more than 2.5 thousand years, and approximately in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. The Iron Age is upon us, and we are living in it. These ages, especially the Bronze and Iron Ages, did not occur simultaneously in different regions of the Earth, somewhere earlier, somewhere later. The longest period - the Stone Age - is divided into several eras: the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic (2.5 million - 12,000 years ago), the Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic (12,000-8000 BC), new stone age, or neolithic (8000-3000 BC).

So, most of the history of mankind falls precisely on the period of primitiveness. The numbers tell little to our imagination. If this colossal period is compressed to a day, then it turns out that at the beginning of the day (at 0000 hours), people who still retained the signs of their animal ancestors began to make the first tools. The "upright man", Pithecanthropus, lived between 2 and 7 pm, and the ancient variety of "Homo sapiens", the Neanderthal lived between 7 pm and 11:30 pm. The late period of the Stone Age - the Neolithic - began very close to the end of the day, at 23:55. At 11:56 p.m., the Bronze Age began, and states with their cities, writing, constantly developing technology and a complexly organized society appeared, and even then only on tiny patches of the Earth, just 3 minutes ago.

Kazhdyy variant ekzamenatsionnoy raboty sostoit iz dvukh chastey i vklyuchayet v sebya 24 zadaniya, razlichayushchikhsya formoy i urovnem slozhnosti. Chast' 1 soderzhit 17 zadaniy s kratkim otvetom. V KIM predlozheny sleduyushchiye raznovidnosti zadaniy s kratkim otvetom: – zadaniya na vybor i zapis' odnogo ili neskol'kikh pravil'nykh otvetov iz predlozhennogo perechnya otvetov; – zadaniya na opredeleniye posledovatel'nosti raspolozheniya dannykh elementov; – zadaniya na ustanovleniye sootvetstviya elementov, dannykh v neskol'kikh informatsionnykh ryadakh; – zadaniya na opredeleniye po ukazannym priznakam i zapis' v vide slova (slovosochetaniya) termina, nazvaniya, imeni, veka, goda i t.p. Otvety k zadaniyam 1–17 zapisyvayutsya v vide tsifry, posledovatel'nosti tsifr ili slova (slovosochetaniya). Chast' 2 soderzhit 7 zadaniy s razvornutym otvetom, vyyavlyayushchikh i otsenivayushchikh osvoyeniye vypusknikami razlichnykh kompleksnykh umeniy. K zadaniyam 18–24 sleduyet dat' razvornutyy otvet. Zadaniya 18–20 predusmatrivayut analiz istoricheskogo istochnika. Zadaniya 21–24 predusmatrivayut raznyye vidy raboty s istoricheskim materialom: ustanovleniye prichinno-sledstvennykh svyazey (21), analiz istoricheskogo teksta, poisk i ispravleniye v nom oshibok (22), sravneniye istoricheskikh sobytiy i yavleniy (23), analiz istoricheskoy situatsii, svyazannoy s deyatel'nost'yu istoricheskoy lichnosti (24).

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Translation results

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 24 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.

Part 1 contains 17 short answer tasks. The KIM offers the following types of tasks with a short answer:

- tasks for choosing and recording one or more correct answers from the proposed list of answers;

- tasks to determine the sequence of location of these elements;

- tasks for establishing the correspondence of elements given in several information rows;

- assignments for the definition of the specified signs and record in the form of a word (phrase) of a term, title, name, century, year, etc.

Answers to tasks 1-17 are written in the form of a number, a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase).

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer, identifying and evaluating the development of various complex skills by graduates. For tasks 18–24, a detailed answer should be given. Tasks 18-20 provide for the analysis of a historical source. Tasks 21–24 provide for different types of work with historical material: establishing cause-and-effect relationships (21), analyzing a historical text, searching for and correcting errors in it (22), comparing historical events and phenomena (23), analyzing the historical situation associated with activities of a historical personality (24).

DISTRIBUTION OF KIMS TASKS BY CONTENT, TYPES OF SKILLS AND METHODS OF ACTION

In KIM, they are present as tasks aimed at testing knowledge in one of three periods of history: 1) from ancient times to the beginning of the 16th century; 2) XVI–XVII centuries; 3) XVIII - the beginning of the XX century, - and tasks covering wider periods of the course of history from ancient times to the beginning of the XX century. (dedicated to two or three of the indicated periods). When compiling tasks aimed at testing knowledge for one of the three periods of history, standing in positions 3–6, 8–12, 18–22, 24, it is allowed to use material for any of these periods, provided that the material is presented proportionally for these periods in work in general. Tasks 1, 2 and 23 may cover one or two (2, 23) or all three (1) of the named periods. Task 7 is aimed at checking the work with statistical information and is always devoted to the period of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Positions 13 and 14 are assigned tasks to test knowledge of the facts of the history of culture, which can cover one, two or three of the indicated periods of history. The assignments in positions 15–17 are devoted only to general history and in the aggregate cover the entire course of the history of foreign countries, starting with the history of

Ancient world before 1914

ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL TASKS AND THE EXAMINATION WORK AS A GENERAL

MAXIMUM PRIMARY SCORE FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE ENTIRE WORK - 37.

Part 1

A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the number or sequence of numbers, the required word (phrase) are correctly indicated.

Distribution of KIM tasks by difficulty levels

The basis for the distribution of tasks according to the level of complexity is the characteristic of the types of activities used by students in the performance of the corresponding tasks.

The basic level of complexity includes buildings in which the examinees are asked to perform the operation of recognizing a date, a fact, etc., based on the information presented explicitly. The basic level includes tasks 1, 3-8, 12-17, 19.

An increased level of complexity includes tasks in which the student is required to independently reproduce, partially transform and apply information in typical situations. At the same time, the activity of the graduate is aimed at reproducing the transformation of knowledge. Such tasks are 2, 9-11, 18, 21-22.

A high level of complexity includes tasks in which students must perform partial search actions, using the acquired knowledge and skills in non-standard situations or creating new rules, action algorithms, i.e. new information. Such tasks are 20, 23, 24.

CHANGES IN CIM 2021 COMPARED TO CIM 2020

The total number of tasks has been increased to 24 (in 2020 - 21): the examination paper includes three tasks with a short answer (positions 15, 16 and 17), aimed at testing knowledge of general history (history of foreign countries).

The maximum primary score for completing the entire work has been increased to 37 (in 2020 - 34).

VARIANTS OF TASKS of part 1, STRUCTURE OF ANSWERS OF TASKS 1-14. METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREPARATION.

The tasks of this part of the basic (1, 3-8, 12-17) and advanced (2, 9-11) difficulty levels. The correct answer is worth 1-2 points depending on the level of difficulty. Tasks can be divided into main groups:

1) Tasks for knowledge of chronology

1. Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS YEARS

A) Battle on the Ice 1) 1242

B) the abolition of serfdom in Russia 2) 1380

C) the adoption of the Council Code of the king 3) 1649

Alexei Mikhailovich 4) 1762

5) 1861

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 153. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). The cost of the task: 2 points.

Action algorithm:

We carefully read the condition of the task: to establish a correspondence between the event and the date.

•Starting from the first event, write an approximate date next to the events.

•We will select suitable dates from the list and check our decision.

•Let's write down the answer.

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In 1926, a new stage of regionalization of the Novgorod province began, associated with the creation of the North-Western region from the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Cherepovets, Murmansk provinces and the Karelian Autonomous Republic. The construction of the region according to the zoning system of the USSR State Planning Commission was mainly determined by the trade and transport attraction of the above provinces to Leningrad, as a large industrial center and as a transit base point for foreign trade through the Leningrad port and the nearest borders of Estonia and Finland.

The vastness of the created area necessitated dividing it into large administrative-territorial units - the district. The division was finally approved by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 1, 1927. At the same time, the North-Western Region was renamed the Leningrad Region. The Valdai District entered the newly formed Leningrad Region as part of the Borovichi District.

According to the occupied area, the Valdai district was one of the largest; its area occupied 2057 square meters. km, which was 12% of the entire territory of the district. Neighbors of the district at the time of its creation were in the north - Uglovsky and Krestetsky, in the west - Lychkovsky, in the south - Polnovsky and Rozhdestvensky, in the east - Bologovsky districts.

The Pskov-Bologoe railway passed through the center of the district, for 58 kilometers, with the Valdai, Dvorets, Yedrovo stations located on the territory of the district and crossed the 2 lines of the Oktyabrskaya railway Rybinsk-Pskov and Valdai-Kresttsy. The largest station in the region was Valdai (cargo turnover in 1928–1929 amounted to 99.1 thousand tons). Along the railway line Kresttsy - Valdai ran a horse-drawn path of the area.

Also, through the center of the district (the village of Yazhelbitsy, the city of Valdai, the village of Zimogorye, the village of Edrovo) there passed the Leningrad-Moscow highway, which had national significance. In order to service this road, in 1929 a section of the State Road was created. The total length of highways and dirt roads totaled 195 kilometers, of which 64 were of national importance.

Media, News, Publishing

вторник, 8 октября 2019 г.

News archives 01.12.2018

вторник, 8 октября 2019 г.

News archives 01.12.2018

вторник, 8 октября 2019 г.