Així, a França, més inclinada a la sistematicitat, a mitjans del segle XVII encara no hi havia una organització constant i estable de les forces navals. La flota francesa va poder iniciar les hostilitats el 1639, mentre que la flota anglesa, malgrat els vaixells de nova construcció, es trobava en molt mal estat. Aviat van començar les guerres internes a Anglaterra, però Richelieu va morir, Lluís XIV encara era un nen, i Mazarin era massa cautelós i massa interessat en el resultat de la guerra dels 30 anys i l'adquisició del territori alemany per fer front a la flota; sota ell, el desenvolupament de la flota va anar enrere. Colbert hauria de ser considerat el recreador del poder naval francès. El 1661, a l'inici de la seva activitat, va poder oposar-se a 150 vaixells anglesos amb només 20 vaixells francesos en condicions de navegar. Per tant, el primer vaixell francès de tres pisos, que, gràcies a la competència amb Anglaterra, es va posar en marxa poc després de l'aparició del Sobirà, va resultar estar llest només el 1657. Des de França, res va impedir el desenvolupament de la potència naval d'Anglaterra, estava amenaçat pels Països Baixos.
Com ja s'ha esmentat en la història de la Hansa, el comerç marítim d'Holanda amb el mar Bàltic va començar a desenvolupar-se intensament a partir de principis del segle XVI. Carles V va patrocinar el comerç holandès amb Espanya, gràcies al qual els seus vaixells visitaven tant el mar Mediterrani com les colònies espanyoles d'Àfrica i Amèrica. El sègol s'exportava des del mar Bàltic, que s'intercanviava als ports holandesos per sal espanyola, etc. Els comerciants i patrons holandesos, més educats, modestos i fiables que els seus rivals estrangers, van guanyar un protagonisme; la bandera holandesa, gràcies a la riquesa i l'empresa de la nació, va començar a desplaçar altres al mercat mundial. A l'est, la navegació i el comerç holandesos tenien gairebé un monopoli; el 1634, dels 7.500 vaixells holandesos, 6.000 van mantenir relacions amb el Bàltic. Anvers, i més tard Amsterdam, després de l'obertura de la ruta marítima cap a les Índies Occidentals, es van convertir en el principal port d'Europa.
Els holandesos van organitzar una indústria pesquera a gran escala, els ingressos d'aquesta anaven en constant creixement; el 1562 només les províncies d'Holanda i Zelanda posseïen 600 vaixells pesquers; el 1601 ja tenien 1.500 vaixells exclusivament per a la pesca d'arengada. La sal s'importava d'Espanya i del sud de França.
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La població d'un petit país era extremadament densa, la prosperitat regnava arreu, els habitants es distingien per un fort sentiment nacional, un caràcter independent i independent, de manera que el protestantisme va trobar un terreny fèrtil entre ells. Aquest últim va ser el motiu de l'aixecament contra el jou espanyol. Mitjançant per resistir durant 40 anys al més gran dels sobirans d'aquella època, aquest petit país va treure el domini del mar. Els gezes del mar mantenien les comunicacions d'aigua als seus ports sempre obertes, i els enemics tancats. Quan Anvers va caure l'any 1584, en aquell moment el port més important del nord-oest d'Europa, les Oques van bloquejar l'Escalda, de manera que totes les comunicacions passaven per Amsterdam i Rotterdam, on es traslladaven molts comerciants. Fins i tot durant aquesta època difícil, el comerç marítim d'Holanda va créixer de manera constant. Per exemple, el 1589, fins a 600 vaixells amb gra del mar Bàltic arribaven a Amsterdam per setmana, el 1601, més de 800 vaixells amb sal van sortir d'Amsterdam cap al Bàltic en 3 dies, etc.
El 1588-1595. el valor dels diners a Holanda ha baixat considerablement com a conseqüència de la importació de plata d'Espanya; els preus es van duplicar, cosa que va ser rendible per a Holanda amb la seva gran facturació financera; això va ser molt facilitat per la llibertat de comerç il·limitada. Les restriccions duaneres van desaparèixer, les províncies i les ciutats es van independitzar completament. Tot això va despertar la gelosia d'Anglaterra; Elizabeth va fer tot el possible per interferir amb el comerç holandès.
A finals del segle XVI, els viatges a les Índies Orientals es van fer més freqüents. L'any 1602, diverses empreses comercials es van fusionar en una empresa comuna que encara existeix avui dia: "Maatschapij", a la qual es van unir els navegants més agosarats i els comerciants més hàbils. Van fundar un gran estat colonial al mar de la Sonda i van establir molts assentaments a l'Índia. Altres empreses es van fundar a Amèrica del Nord el 1613 a Nova York.
Al final de la guerra de 42 anys amb Espanya, Holanda el 1609 va florir de manera més magnífica. Anglaterra en aquell moment era feble al mar i no va fer res per desenvolupar el seu comerç. França encara no havia adquirit una flota, els estats del nord estaven ocupats amb guerres eternes entre ells, i la Hansa ja havia caigut en decadència. La situació de la navegació comercial holandesa d'aquella època es pot comparar amb l'anglès del segle XIX: la llibertat total de comerç va fer possible que Amsterdam i Rotterdam es convertís en el centre del comerç transatlàntic.
Holanda va aconseguir aquests èxits, és clar, no només per mitjans pacífics; els va aconseguir amb la força de la seva flota. Els holandesos no només havien de conquerir les seves colònies, sinó també protegir-les dels lladres del mar i dels competidors gelosos, que eren (com abans de la Hansa) totes les potències marítimes. Per tant, tots els seus vaixells mercants estaven ben armats i ben equipats, normalment navegaven junts. Sovint hi havia batalles navals entre vaixells individuals i destacaments. En les batalles amb els espanyols i els portuguesos, els holandesos més sovint van quedar vencedors.
Així, per exemple, a finals del segle XVI, la flota holandesa de 73 vaixells amb tropes de desembarcament va devastar les illes Canàries després que els holandesos no aconseguissin sorprendre la costa espanyola. El 1606, els holandesos van prendre un ric botí a les costes d'Espanya, però el seu altre esquadró va ser derrotat allà. L'any següent, un esquadró holandès de 26 banderines va aconseguir destruir un esquadró espanyol de la mateixa mida a la rada de Gibraltar; tot això va fer molt per enfortir la glòria de les armes holandeses i per reforçar el prestigi internacional d'Holanda.
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Els holandesos van passar els moments més difícils al seu propi país, ja que l'Almirallat de Dunkerque, fundat el 1583 pel duc de Parma, va enviar corsaris per soscavar el seu comerç marítim i la seva pesca. Dunkerque va tenir un paper important en la història d'Holanda al llarg del segle següent. Posició avantatjosa a la part més estreta de la ruta entre el Mar del Nord i el Canal, la protecció natural a causa dels bancs al davant, el país ric a la part posterior, l'empresa de la població marítima - tot això va fer de Dunkerque un flagell per als veïns. Després d'una treva de 12 anys el 1621, va tornar a esclatar la guerra. Ara les companyies comercials holandeses (i angleses) havien de lluitar no només lluny de la seva terra natal, sinó també per oposar-se a l'enemic amb totes les forces navals disponibles a les proximitats immediates de les seves costes. El 1621 i el 1625 Encara es feien viatges marítims a Espanya, com abans, però la majoria de vegades les batalles navals tenien lloc al Canal i al Mediterrani.
I aquí, en primer lloc, calia lluitar contra el quasi independent Dunkerque. L'Almirallat construïa vaixells cada cop més poderosos, la població, que s'havia enriquit amb els robatoris, enviava cada cop més vaixells al seu profitós comerç; es va formar un niu perillós, que hauria d'haver estat destruït, sobretot perquè també interferia amb les operacions terrestres.
El 1634 hi havia 21 vaixells reials, dels quals alguns tenien fins a 40 canons, i una dotzena de vaixells de guerra privats més. El nombre dels primers es va mantenir gairebé sense canvis, només el seu armament es va fer més fort al segle següent, mentre que el nombre de vaixells privats gairebé es va duplicar. En comparació amb la flota holandesa de 100 vaixells, dels quals, però, només dotze tenien més de 30 canons, els vaixells de Dunkerque representaven una força molt impressionant. Tot i que aquest esquadró tenia la meitat de la mida dels holandesos, estava concentrat en una base, mentre que Holanda havia de protegir la seva indústria pesquera al mar del Nord, que requeria un gran nombre de vaixells. Més d'un terç dels seus vaixells els holandesos van haver de destinar al bloqueig de Dunkerque per tal de protegir la seva navegació i comerç marítim de l'atac dels corsaris.
Gràcies a l'energia, l'excel·lent coneixement del mar i la set de beneficis dels corsaris de Dunkerque, aquest bloqueig va ser, sobretot durant les tempestes prolongades i les nits fosques, de poc efecte. Cap al 1635, l'extracció dels Dunkerques durant 3 anys va superar els 12 milions de florins.
El tresor i els particulars van venir al rescat, es va tornar a formar una cosa així com les velles oques marines, que va portar una sèrie d'èxits als holandesos. Només l'any 1646, quan Dunkerque va ser presa pels francesos amb el suport de la flota holandesa, els robatoris marítims, que tant interferien el comerç, es van aturar una estona.
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Esmentem un altre èxit destacat de les armes holandeses: l'any 1631, a l'Escalda, durant un atac nocturn, la flota espanyola amb base a Anvers, formada per 90 vaixells petits però forts destinats a operacions al nord d'Holanda, fou gairebé destruïda. Només una desena part dels vaixells espanyols van aconseguir fugir.
Tota la població costanera d'Holanda es va anar acostumant a la guerra naval; van aparèixer destacats líders del mar, com Gein, Tromp Sr., Ruyter.
Martin Tromp el Vell va néixer l'any 1597 a Briel (a la desembocadura del riu Mosa) en la família d'un oficial de la marina. Als 9 anys va fer un viatge i dels 11 als 19 va ser presoner en un petit corsario anglès. En tornar a la seva terra natal, va ser ascendit a oficial durant 21 anys i va ser nomenat comandant dos anys més tard. Als 40 anys va rebre el grau d'almirall-tinent; era un respectat comandant naval talentós i valent.
Les Províncies Unides no tenien una flota comuna, ja que no hi havia una sola autoritat central forta: les províncies separades d'Holanda i Zelanda tenien cadascuna les seves pròpies naus armades. Aquests últims eren inferiors als anglesos en mida i força de les armes. Eren de construcció més lleugera i, com a resultat, eren menys capaços de resistir el foc de l'artilleria enemiga. Per a la navegació en aigües costaneres poc profundes, els holandesos van construir els seus vaixells de fons pla, cosa que no els permetia navegar amb força al vent. Sobretot, Holanda es va veure obstaculitzada per la manca d'una organització definida i, en conseqüència, per la capacitat d'armar ràpidament i convenientment els seus vaixells; l'absència d'un cos d'oficials cohesionat era molt sensible.
Trobem un feble intent d'establir un cos permanent d'oficials el 1626 sota la pressió de les incursions dels corsaris de Dunkerque. Des d'aleshores l'Almirallat ha comptat amb una sèrie de capitans experimentats; el més gran d'ells, que comandava els destacaments, tenia el grau de comodor. Els comandants de les escortes eren anomenats extraordinaris kapiteinen, a diferència dels altres, que eren anomenats ordinaris.
Només per decret especial dels Estats Generals, en cas de circumstàncies especials, tots els vaixells de les províncies individuals es van unir en una sola flota i es va triar un comandant en cap amb un vice i contraalmirall (schautbenacht).