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The fight against the Yuan threat required great expenses from all segments of the population. Samurai slaves also suffered. They had to mortgage and sell their lands. The supreme authorities did not fulfill their promise to reward those who distinguished themselves. This caused discontent. Shogun rulers were also blamed for the increased crop failures and epidemics.

Under the shogun Hojo Takatoki, who was engaged not so much in governing the country as in theater and dog fighting, the restoration of royal power took place. The former sovereign Godaigo attracted Buddhist monks to his side, as well as warriors from several noble families. The plot was discovered, and Godaigo was exiled to the remote island of Iki. But he escaped from exile in a women's palanquin and swam across to his supporters in a fishing boat.

Ashikaga Takauji, who was appointed commander of the Hojo Takatoki army, went over to the side of Godaigo. The headquarters of the Hojo shoguns, the city of Kamakura, was captured and burned. The power of the royal house was restored. This time (from 1333 to 1335) was called the "Kammu restoration".

In 1338, Ashikaga Takauji proclaimed himself shogun and the power of the Ashikaga shogunate began. Of the 14 shoguns of this family, two were killed by their own servants, five died in exile, one had to commit suicide. The proclamation of Ashikaga Takauji as shogun caused an internecine war that lasted 56 years and was called the “War of the Chrysanthemums” or the “War of the Northern and Southern Branches”. On the one hand, Godaigo spoke, supported by the nobleman Nitta Yoshisada (belonging to the Southern Branch Party), on the other, King Kome, behind him was Ashikaga Takauji. The civil strife ended with an agreement that the throne would be alternately held by representatives of both dynasties.

The real power in the country remained with the Ashikaga shoguns. They bathed in luxury. Peasants crushed by excessive taxes rioted or left their fields uncultivated. The kings were also poor. The Tenno of Gonar are said to have made a living from what he earned as a scribe, as well as selling autographs. In 1500, the body of King Tsuchimikado lay unburied for 40 days: there was no money for a funeral.

During the Ashikaga era, Japan first became acquainted with Europeans and Christian teachings. The princes of the southwest of the country accepted the new religion. This was one of the means of resistance to the central government. Noble families fought the Ashikaga for almost 70 years. As a result, anarchy set in, and the fragmentation of the country intensified.

The powerful prince Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) was the first to undertake the unification of Japan. His detachments crushed the militia of the recalcitrant princes and destroyed the temple of Enryakuji, the stronghold of their allies - the Buddhist monks. The temple, along with the most valuable historical relics, was burned, all its monks perished under the swords of the Oda Nobunaga warriors. In 1573, he overthrew the last Ashikaga shogun and became the ruler of Japan. Nobunaga issued decrees on behalf of the king. He laid the foundation for a military dictatorship in the country. Nobunaga was opposed, as often happens, by his subordinate. The ruler, severely wounded by him, hid in the temple. Realizing the hopelessness of his situation, he set fire to the temple and committed suicide by cutting his stomach open.

The unification of the country was continued by the closest assistant of the deceased ruler - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who received the nickname "Monkey" because of his ugly appearance. The fight was brutal. Defeats were perceived with a purely Japanese originality. For example, when the commander Shibata Katsuie lost the battle, he gathered the household for a holiday with dances and songs, and then invited the women to leave the castle. Women - true Japanese women - refused. They decided to share the fate of men. The prince set fire to the house, the men killed the women and children, and then committed suicide.

Hideyoshi (1536-1598) became the sole ruler of Japan and commander-in-chief of the army. The military dictatorship continued. Hideyoshi tried to ensure inner peace. For himself, he set the following rules of conduct: “Important matters are decided at a large meeting, small ones - with the participation of two or three people. Don't procrastinate anything. Don't take bribes. Make no friends or enemies. Don't favor the rich, don't despise the poor."

To ensure that the unification of Japan was lasting, Hideyoshi carried out a number of economic measures. He carried out a land reform, which increased the interest of the peasants in the productivity of the fields, contributed to the expansion of the area of cultivated land. To prevent the peasants from revolting in the future, Hideyoshi issued the "Decree on hunting for swords." On the basis of this decree, the weapons accumulated by them during the uprisings of the 15th-16th centuries were confiscated from the peasants.

Under Hideyoshi, new gold and silver money was issued. He encouraged the development of trade and crafts, but strictly controlled trade relations with foreign countries, introduced special licenses for merchant ships going abroad. They were called "Ships with seals of bright red."

In 1587, Hideyoshi issued a law prohibiting the spread of Christianity, according to which Jesuit priests, under the threat of the death penalty, had to leave Japan within 20 days. Hideyoshi's intolerance towards Christianity was due to a number of reasons. The sermons of the priests were at odds with the dissolute behavior of the Portuguese merchants and sailors in the ports of Japan. Priests sometimes did not observe local customs. Hideyoshi believed that Christians were leading the Japanese away from their national gods. In the southwest of the country, a significant part of the local nobility converted to Christianity and strengthened their position through trade with Christian Portugal. Hideyoshi had reason to view Christian preachers as the vanguard of the invaders. In 1587, the pilot of the Spanish ship "San Felipe" boasted in a Japanese port that the possessions of the King of Spain were expanding. When the pilot was asked how Spain took possession of such vast territories, he replied: "First the missionaries came, and then the king's soldiers." This conversation was reported to Hideyoshi.

In 1587, 120 missionaries were ordered to immediately leave Japan on a sailing ship. At the same time, 26 Christians were executed (“Crucifixion on the Cross of Twenty-Six”). Among those executed were 3 Japanese boys, church servants.

Media, News, Publishing

среда, 24 июня 2020 г.

News 25/06/2020 (3465)

среда, 24 июня 2020 г.

News 25/06/2020 (3465)

среда, 24 июня 2020 г.