суббота, 19 сентября 2020 г.

News update 19/09/2020 (56)

At the beginning of the XVI century. the Oirat, or Dzungar, khanate joined the struggle, whose rulers could not forget the glory of their ancestor Esen. In the heat of civil strife, no one noticed how danger arose: on the border lands, in Manchuria, the ruler of the Manchu tribe - Nurkhatsi - subjugated one inheritance after another.


The rulers of southern Mongolia were the first to realize the real threat. Many of them, considering resistance useless, recognized the power of Nurkhatsi. Only a few, like Ligden, the lord


Chakhar Khanate, tried to organize resistance. However, the desire to unite the southern Mongolian forces did not bring results. In 1634, the army of Lig-den-khan was defeated by the Manchus, and he himself died. His son Ezhe, who tried to continue the fight, was captured and executed a year later. The Chakhar Khanate ceased to exist and under the name "Inner Mongolia" became part of the Manchurian Empire.


In 1636, the Manchu Khan Abakhai ordered the assembly of the southern Mongol princes and declared himself the Khan of Mongolia. The northern and western lands still remained independent of Manchuria, but their fate was sealed.


Northern Mongolia once belonged to the son of the Great Khan Dayan, Geresenze. Like a father, before his death, he divided the possessions among his seven sons. These lands went down in history under the name "Seven Khalkha khoshuns", or Khalkha. By the beginning of the XVII century. The most extensive and richest of them were the estates of Tushetu Khan, Tsetsen Khan and Sayn Noyon Khan, which later divided into dozens of even smaller allotments.


The rulers of Khalkha did not feel threatened by Manchu China, where by this time Khan Abahai had died and his son Shun-chih came to power, proclaiming himself emperor, the founder of the new Qin dynasty. Khalkha did not support the struggle of the southern Mongols. On the contrary, its rulers tried to enlist the friendship of the rulers of China. They even agreed that their sons and brothers were held hostage at the court of the Qin emperors: now the Chinese emperor asserted the rights of the Khalkha princes to rule in their own domains. China began to use these opportunities very skillfully, appointing or removing the rulers of Khalkha in their own interests. The main thing remained the weakening and complete subjugation of the Mongols, the ability to use them against Russia, whose possessions by that time had extended to the Amur.

https://all-andorra.com/ru/muzej-morskoj-aviacii-i-ego-kollekciya-roshfor-franciya/

https://all-andorra.com/la-rochelle/

https://all-andorra.com/andorra-plans-purchase-covid-19-vaccines-from-gavi-organization-founded-by-the-bill-melinda-gates-foundation/

In 1685-1686. The Mongols took part in hostilities against the Russian fortress of Albazin, and later, in 1688, against Udinsk and Selenginsk in Transbaikalia. At the same time, a military conflict flared up between Khalkha and the Dzungar Khanate, which grew into a protracted, exhausting series of wars. The Khalkhas, led by Tushetu Khan, relied on the support of Manchuria, and the Oirats tried to enlist the help of the Russian state by sending their ambassadors to Moscow.

The Oirat prince Galdan in 1683 invaded Khal-Khu, destroying everything in his path with fire and sword. Tushetu Khan fled with his subjects under the protection of the Chinese border garrisons, begging the emperor to help. The ruler of the Celestial Empire, in response, demanded that the entire Khalkha pass into Manchu citizenship.

In the spring of 1691, the Khalkha khans gathered in the vicinity of Lake Dolonnor, where, in the presence of the Qin emperor and the khans of Inner Mongolia, Northern Mongolia became part of China, which from now on became known as Outer Mongolia and lost its political and economic independence. The emperor declared himself the god of Mongolia, and its lands - his property. The Oirats found themselves face to face with their enemy and fought for more than fifty years, until most of them were destroyed.

As a result of these events, Khalkha was devastated and depopulated. The survivors were poor. A contemporary of the events described, the Russian Cossack Grigory Kibirev wrote: “And in that steppe, the Mungal dwellings were sacked ... People wander hungry between stones and across the steppes and eat each other.”

When there was no faith in the future revival of Mongolia, the primary task of its best people was to preserve the national culture. The head of the Buddhist clergy of Mongolia, Jebzundambahutukhta, played a significant role. His work during these difficult years inspired hope for peace.

Already in 1701, under his leadership, work began on the restoration of the first Buddhist monastery in Northern Mongolia, Erdeni-Dzu, where he also founded his residence, the Lavran Palace. Using unquestioned authority among his compatriots, he sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Qin government, assisted Russian diplomatic and trade missions passing through the lands of the Mongols.

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China was very jealous of the activities of the Khutukhta and his successors, fearing their strengthening as the political leaders of the people. Therefore, starting from the third Mongolian Khutukhta, they began to be elected from among the Tibetans, hoping that the Mongolian people would never support foreigners.


When in the summer of 1911 a popular uprising began in China against the hated rule of the House of Qin and Mongolia declared its independence, on December 16 in Urga, as the capital of Outer Mongolia was called, the ceremony of enthronement of the head of the Buddhist Church of Mongolia, Bogdo-gegen, took place in the Zongkhure monastery, who received the title of "Raised by Many". He formed a government, which began to pursue an active policy for the reunification of all the territories of Mongolia and its independence.


The Mongols were supported by Russia, which contributed to the signing in 1915 in the city of Kyakhta with the participation of representatives of the Mongolian and Chinese governments of an agreement on granting autonomy to Outer Mongolia. However, already at the end of 1919, Chinese troops under the command of General Xu Shuzheng approached Urga, demanding that the Bogdo Gegen government unconditionally renounce the country's autonomy. So the short-lived autonomy was abolished.



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