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The project, which had matured for many years, needed funds for its implementation. It is unlikely that Columbus imagined in the early 80s that his odyssey through the royal courts of Europe would turn out to be so lengthy and ineffective. King Juan of Portugal doubted the arguments of the navigator, who asked for ships to open the way to the island of Sipango (Japan) and intended to sail there along the “sea of darkness” (Atlantic Ocean) in a westerly direction. Nevertheless, Juan instructed the "experts", the bishop and two cosmographers, to check the arguments of Columbus. The conclusion of the commission was depressing: the project is based on pure fantasy ... The trip of Columbus's brother, Bartholomew, to England for the same purpose was not crowned with success.

Spain also for a long time remained deaf to the proposals of Christopher Columbus.

However, even here it was not without a captious analysis. The verdict of the wise men corresponded to the spirit of the times. They rejected the arguments of Columbus, referring to the Gospel, as well as to the messages and writings of St. Augustine, St. Gregory, St. Ambrosius, etc. Geographical arguments, in their opinion, also contradicted reason: after all, “the spherical shape of the Earth would form in front of him (by a ship ) as if a huge mountain, through which he could not swim even with the most favorable wind.

It is easy to imagine the state of Columbus: not only long-term hopes were threatened, but also his life: under the vigilant inquisition, to pass for a heretic with all the tragic consequences that follow from this ... And yet * he continued to believe in his star. Deep piety "apparently became the reason that one day he heard the words in a dream:" God wants your name to be glorified throughout the Earth, and wants to give you the keys to the gates of the ocean, which are now locked with heavy chains.

The year 1492, happy for Spain, came: the eight-century domination of the Moors ended. At the beginning of the year, Columbus received an audience with Queen Isabella. She reasoned simply: if the idea of \u200b\u200bfloating turns out to be fruitless, then the crown will lose only what was spent on the expedition, but if Columbus turns out to be right ...

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On April 17, 1492, the agreement approved by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand was signed by Columbus and the secretary of the royal palace, Juan de Coloma. The document stated that in case of failure, the navigator did not receive any rewards, but success would exalt him. Columbus would be appointed viceroy of "all the islands and continents that he personally and through his art will discover or acquire in these seas-oceans." He would receive the rank of admiral and a tenth of all goods "that will be bought, exchanged, found or acquired." Taking on an eighth of the cost of equipping the ships, he would then have an eighth of the proceeds. To top it off, Columbus and his heirs would be raised to the nobility.

The approval of the royal couple of the project of Columbus did not at all remove all obstacles from his path to unknown lands. When financial issues were settled, three small ships were found, it suddenly turned out that ordinary sailors also did not believe Columbus and considered him a man not of this world. Then he manages to get permission from the authorities to use prisoners for the recruitment of crews on the agreed terms. However, this way out was not to the liking of the three Pinson brothers, who decided to take part in the voyage of Columbus. The eldest of them, Martin Alonso, was considered the best sea captain in Spain. Sailors and shipbuilders, the Pinsons managed to put together crews of seasoned, experienced sailors, and at dawn on August 3, 1492, the ships headed for the Canary Islands. According to various estimates, the expedition consisted of 90 to 120 people.

Traditionally, all three ships of the first expedition are called caravels. However, if we adhere to the principles of classifying sea vessels of that time, then only Nina and Pinta were caravels, the displacement of which did not exceed one hundred tons. The larger "Santa Maria" was called "nao" - both by the navigator himself and by many chroniclers.

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The prudent Columbus, believing that a long isolation from his homeland could break people, kept two logbooks while sailing. In the one exhibited for public viewing, he wrote down somewhat “embellished” data, and in the secret one he entered accurate information. His premonition did not deceive him: the expedition had to endure several critical moments. So, on September 16, when the ships were in the Sargasso Sea, there was a long calm. The least resilient lost heart, deciding that the wind did not blow here at all and now they would never get to Spain. Columbus had the courage to convince his compatriots. He used only two arguments, but what are they - God's help and future untold riches. Columbus himself was by no means unmercenary; the thirst for enrichment overwhelmed him too. “Gold is delightful, it creates treasures and extends its power even to purgatory, freeing souls from it,” these are his words. However, it is hardly worth reproaching him for them, if we remember that poverty was a constant companion of the navigator, especially during the 20 years preceding the expeditions.

On October 12, 1492, a shot was heard from the Pinta caravel: the sailor Rodrigo de Trian saw the long-awaited land. Christopher Columbus stepped onto the coast of a small island, which the locals called Guanahani. He fell to his knees, wept, kissed the ground, unfolded the royal standard and, raising his eyes to the sky, uttered the names of the Catholic kings Isabella and Ferdinand three times. The clerk Rodrigo de Escobedo drew up the act. From now on, the sea with amazing corals, and sand, and rocks, and palm trees, and parrots, and these bronze people, who still do not know clothes or money and are surprised to watch the ritual of the "discovery" of the Western Hemisphere - from now on, everything around will belong to Spanish crown. During the first trip, Columbus also discovered Haiti and Cuba. He was sure that these islands were the real India, from among those legendary 7777 islands that Marco Polo attributed to the eastern part of the Asian continent. Therefore, their inhabitants, echoing Columbus, have since been called Indians.

The return of the expedition was triumphant. On March 15, 1493, the port of Paloe met her. Then Columbus went to Barcelona, where Isabella and Ferdinand were at that time. Truly right

Voltaire: "Moments of happiness are worth more than a thousand years of fame." The festivities dedicated to the discovery of the New World eclipsed everything.

In the local cathedral, the monarchs ordered that the throne be placed under a canopy of brocade woven with gold. When Columbus approached, Isabella and Ferdinand stood up and did not allow him to kneel down for the traditional kissing of hands, moreover, they put him next to him. There was no end to their questions, and it became obvious that this journey to the shores of the New World was not the last.

Expenses for expeditions, according to contemporaries, ranged from 1 million 140 thousand to 2 million mara-vedi. Revenues exceeded this amount by about 170 times. The mention that the queen allegedly pawned her jewels to equip the ships is nothing more than a beautiful legend...

Three more expeditions took place (September 1493 - June 1496, May 1498 - October 1500, May 1502 - November 1504). Central America and the northern coast of South America were discovered. All these years, Columbus had to prove himself in different guises: he was a scientist, a navigator, a conqueror, and in some periods, the ruler of Espanyola (Haiti).

The most dramatic for the admiral was the third expedition, from which he returned to Spain in chains. Columbus had too many enemies among the envious Spanish nobility, who did not forgive the talented and stubborn yesterday's poor man ascension to Olympus of glory. Fortunately, the queen was again above prejudices and palace intrigues. She ordered the shackles to be replaced with expensive clothes and sent part of her personal guard to Columbus' honor guard. However, the pain of the insult was not dulled until the admiral's last breath. According to his son Ferdinand, these chains were constantly lying on the desk of his father, who wished to be buried with them.

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On May 20, 1506, Columbus spoke his last words: "Into your hands, Lord, I entrust my spirit." A restless fate awaited his remains. Columbus was buried in Seville, but then, in fulfillment of his will, the remains were reburied in Hispaniola. In 1795, the island became a French colony, and the ashes of Columbus ended up in Cuba, and in 1877 - again in Seville, where they still rest.

He left, and humanity began an endless debate about whether the discovery of America was a discovery, and if so, what is its significance. It is possible that other navigators reached the shores of America even before Columbus. One of them has done its due. Thanks to the Icelandic sagas, the name of the Viking Leif Erickson became known, who sailed to the shores of Newfoundland around 1000.

However, neither Erickson's voyage nor other landings on the shores of the New World were "noted" by history, none of them became an event of global significance, did not expand the intellectual horizons of man, did not contribute to the active knowledge of the numerous secrets of the Earth. Four voyages of Columbus led to the establishment of permanent economic, political and cultural ties between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. It was, one might say, a mutual opening of Europe and America.

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среда, 16 сентября 2020 г.

English pages - list 16/09/2020

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среда, 16 сентября 2020 г.

English pages - list 16/09/2020

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среда, 16 сентября 2020 г.