Media, News, Publishing: Aviation, flotte, véhicules de combat du monde Joan Mañé

The Eastern Roman Empire arose at the beginning of the 4th century. AD In 330, the Roman emperor Constantine the Great - the first Christian emperor - founded the city of Constantinople on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium (hence the name given by historians of the "Christian Empire of the Romans" after its fall). The Byzantines themselves considered themselves "Romans", i.e. "Romans", the power - "Roman", and the emperor - basileus - the successor of the traditions of the Roman emperors. Byzantium was a state in which a centralized bureaucratic apparatus and religious unity (as a result of the struggle of religious movements in Christianity, Orthodoxy became the dominant religion of Byzantium) were of great importance for maintaining the continuity of state power and territorial integrity for almost 11 centuries of its existence.

In the history of the development of Byzantium, five stages can be conventionally distinguished.

At the first stage (4th century - the middle of the 7th century), the empire is a multinational state in which the slave-owning system is replaced by early feudal relations. The state system of Byzantium is a military-bureaucratic monarchy. All power belonged to the emperor. Power was not hereditary, the emperor was proclaimed by the army, the senate and the people (although this was often nominal). The senate was an advisory body under the emperor. The free population was divided into estates. The system of feudal relations almost did not take shape. Their peculiarity was the preservation of a significant number of free peasants, peasant communities, the spread of the colony and the distribution of a large fund of state lands to slaves.

Early Byzantium was called the "country of cities", numbering in the thousands. Such centers as Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, each had 200-300 thousand inhabitants. In dozens of medium-sized cities (Damascus, Nicaea, Ephesus, Thessalonica, Edessa, Beirut, and others), 30-80 thousand people lived. Cities that had polis self-government occupied a large place in the economic life of the empire. The largest city and trading center was Constantinople.

Byzantium traded with China and India, and after the conquest of the Western Mediterranean under Emperor Justinian, it established hegemony for trade with the countries of the West, turning the Mediterranean Sea back into the "Roman Lake".

In terms of the level of development of crafts, Byzantium had no equal among Western European countries.

During the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565), Byzantium reaches its peak. The reforms carried out under him contributed to the centralization of the state, and the "Code of Justinian" (code of civil law), developed during his reign, was in effect throughout the existence of the state, having a great influence on the development of law in the countries of feudal Europe (see article "Justinian I").

At this time, the empire is experiencing an era of grandiose construction: military fortifications are being erected, cities, palaces and temples are being built. This period includes the construction of the magnificent church of St. Sophia, which became known to the whole world.

The end of this period was marked by a renewed struggle between the church and the imperial power.

The second stage (the second half of the 7th century - the first half of the 9th century) took place in a tense struggle with the Arabs and Slavic invasions. The territory of the state was halved, and now the empire has become much more homogeneous in terms of national composition: it was a Greek-Slavic state. Its economic basis was the free peasantry. The barbarian invasions created favorable conditions for the liberation of the peasants from dependence, and the main legislative act that regulated agrarian relations in the empire proceeds from the fact that the land is at the disposal of the peasant community. The number of cities and the number of citizens are sharply reduced. Of the major centers, only Constantinople remains, and its population is reduced to 30-40 thousand. Other cities of the empire have 8-10 thousand inhabitants. In small life freezes. The decline of cities and the "barbarization" of the population (ie, the growth in the number of "barbarians", primarily Slavs, among the subjects of Vasilev) could not but lead to the decline of culture. The number of schools, and consequently the number of educated people, is drastically reduced. Enlightenment is concentrated in monasteries.

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понедельник, 6 июля 2020 г.

Aviation, flotte, véhicules de combat du monde Joan Mañé

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понедельник, 6 июля 2020 г.

Aviation, flotte, véhicules de combat du monde Joan Mañé

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понедельник, 6 июля 2020 г.