The Russian word "nobleman" does not quite accurately convey the meaning of the English, French, Italian designations of a noble person, an aristocrat. In Russia, a "nobleman" was considered one who kept a "yard", a manor, had land holdings and serfs. In Europe, since the XVI century. all this was no longer obligatory - many nobles retained only memories of the castles and lands of their ancestors, had long lived in cities and received their income not from peasant dues, but from serving the king. European nobles considered their main difference from ordinary people to be special human qualities - generosity, courage, loyalty to a given word, elegance of speech and deeds, devotion to the king. In England, for example, the nobles called themselves “gentlemen,” which meant “pleasant, cultured people.” It seems that the nobles of Italy and France also called themselves. Other designations of nobles were also in great use: “cavalier”, “chevalier”. All these words are translated into Russian as "knight". They testified to the desire of the nobles to imitate their ancestors, reminded them of the origin of most of them from medieval chivalry.
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The ideal nobleman had to resemble both the hero of chivalric novels, and the character of ancient history, and the Christian righteous. Not alien to him were the ideas about the free development of the human personality, about freedom of thought as a condition for this development - all these ideas were expressed by the humanists of the 15th-16th centuries.
All aspects of the nobleman's personality had to be in harmony. It was important to take care of your appearance: curl your hair, use ointments and ointments to achieve a special whiteness of the skin, skillfully select a suit. Poorly dressed nobles aroused ridicule and condemnation; the Spaniards, for example, called the Dutch nobles "Gozes" for their modest attire, i.e. "rogues".
Clothes were embroidered with gold threads and precious stones, sometimes even shoe buckles were made of diamonds; there were suits worth a fortune. However, the nobleman also had to show a special grace in his manners - magnificently dressed stupid people became an occasion for ridicule and mockery. A nobleman could afford to be rude only in conversations with the common people, with an equal he was obliged to talk kindly, even if he challenged him to a duel. The ability to speak beautifully was highly valued as never before - poets and storytellers gathered around them many grateful listeners and listeners who were able to appreciate both the beauty of style and hidden allusions to well-known faces.
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