The heyday of medieval communes occurred in Western Europe in the 13th-15th centuries. At that time, the large feudal states were still not strong enough to subjugate the rich and prosperous cities. The widespread distribution of firearms, large mercenary armies, and the development of overseas trade dealt a severe blow to the independence and well-being of urban communes. They now lacked the strength either to wage wars or to protect their trade interests in overseas lands. Most medieval communes became part of strong kingdoms, such as France or Spain. In Germany and Italy, on the other hand, many cities retained their independence at the cost of economic decline and stagnation.
The existence of urban communes is one of the brightest pages in the history of Europe. Many European countries carefully preserve the memory of the past of their cities, restoring individual medieval buildings and entire streets; there are even small towns that have completely preserved their former appearance. In such towns, it is enough to throw a coin into the slot of a special machine - and the old communal mill begins to rotate its wings, slowly at first, and then faster and faster ... It seems that these wings are moved not by a hidden motor, but by the very wind of History.
But the memory of medieval communes is kept not only by the picturesque streets of old Dubrovnik, the majestic cathedrals of Milan and Cologne, and funny toys of German museum towns. The commune, enclosed by its walls and ditches in a tiny territory, was able to raise and educate a new man, whom she gave to the new Europe. This man looked around with curiosity. He was greedy not only for money, but also for knowledge and useful skills. While pursuing personal interests, he did not forget about his obligations to society. The commune taught him that it is more profitable to be an honest and hardworking person than a lazy person and a thief. The city dweller began to make important decisions without looking back at God and the king, relying on his mind, experience and judgment.
At the end of the Middle Ages, the urban commune gradually became a thing of the past, but its children, who had escaped into the expanses of the world, were destined for a long and wide road. They discovered new lands, clung to the eyepiece of a microscope, invented steam engines, paper money, thought about the equality of people and a just social order... The wings of the old communal mill are spinning, spinning... It has not yet ground all the coarse grain into pure flour. We will also throw our coin into the machine as parting: a meeting with a medieval commune is an unforgettable meeting.
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Mankind began to exchange, buy and sell goods, barely freed from the shackles of primitiveness. Trade flourished in many countries long before the beginning of the Middle Ages. But against the background of the rapid development of cities, crafts, against the background of the enrichment of culture, science and technology with outstanding achievements of human thought, the merchant (i.e. merchant) becomes one of the most striking and remarkable figures of the era.
In the period of the early Middle Ages, at a time when barbarian kingdoms began to appear on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, like mushrooms after rain, the most lively trade was carried out by merchants from the Arab countries of Asia and North Africa, India and China, as well as Byzantium - states that have long been famous for populous cities and skilled artisans. In the 7th-10th centuries the ships of Arab merchants plowed the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Trading posts (settlements of merchants) were based along their banks. Slaves and ivory were exported from the east coast of Africa. It was possible to reach the shores of India and even China.
In the XI century. finally, a European merchant appears on the world stage. The scope for his activities was already large enough: despite the dominance of subsistence farming, more and more people needed a variety of products and goods that were delivered from afar. Trade life began to boil on the seas of Southern and Northern Europe, large rivers, on roads that were very dilapidated, but preserved from Roman times.
As the transition from the early Middle Ages (5th-11th centuries) to the developed (12th-15th centuries) and late (16th - mid-17th centuries) the appearance of the merchant changed significantly.
The merchant of the early period was a warlike man. Trade and robbery went hand in hand at that time. This is especially true of the inhabitants of Scandinavia - the Vikings, warrior-navigators, who instilled fear in the population of many European countries. If the robbery operation ended unsuccessfully, the Viking was ready to trade or exchange pre-stored goods for the things he needed. And vice versa, when a purely trading trip of a Scandinavian did not give the desired results, he could simply rob the locals.
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