Finally, having crossed the dangerous strait, Drake was the first European to enter the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic (of course, not counting the Spaniards and the Portuguese, who owned the strait). Drake explored the southern tip of the mainland and discovered Cape Horn, where he spent two days.
A storm that broke out scattered the ships of the squadron. The storm began on September 7 and continued until October 28. The "Golden Doe" was waiting for the rest of the ships at the appointed place, but They did not appear. Drake began to cruise along the coast. He needed a supply of fresh water and food. During one of the landings there was a skirmish with the Indians. Drake was wounded, several sailors died, but Drake did not use weapons.
The Golden Doe sailed along the western coast of America and reached 48 degrees north latitude, passing farthest of all European ships to the North Pole. Sailing along the coast, Drake captured Spanish ships with gold and jewelry. At the same time, he released the ships and teams, but kept the cargo for himself. Likewise, he "liberated" several Spanish cities from a burdensome amount of treasure.
Drake's unhindered plunder was aided by the fact that the Spaniards could not even imagine that any non-Spanish ship could be off the western coast of America.
During his voyages, Drake established diplomatic contacts with Indian tribes. Not far from modern San Francisco, he was even recognized as a king. Drake named this land New Albion and declared it the property of Queen Elizabeth. He placed a post there with the appropriate inscription, and instead of a seal, he put a sixpence coin with the image of the English queen in the hole.
In June 1579, without waiting for his ships (as it turned out later, one of them died and the other turned back), Drake decided to return, but not in the same way (the Spanish squadron was already waiting for him at the Strait of Magellan, although Drake did not know this), but across the Indian Ocean.
For 68 days, the Golden Doe was at sea. Entering the Indian Ocean, the ship almost crashed, but everything worked out, and on September 26, 1580, Drake returned to Plymouth. Thus ended the second round-the-world trip of 1577-1580. (the first was made by Magellan in 1519-1521). Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world.
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From this voyage, Francis Drake brought back enormous wealth, the true extent of which no one knows. It is only assumed that the total amount was 600 thousand pounds sterling (for comparison, the annual income of the British state was 300 thousand pounds sterling). The lion's share of the booty went to the queen. Drake's companions received 4700% on the money invested. The queen, at the expense of this money, was able to fully repay the national debt of England.
Drake became a national hero. Elizabeth made him a knight (an extremely honorary title in England). There is a legend that it was from Drake that the custom of giving military honor went. It is said that when the Queen of England went on deck of the Golden Hind to herself knight the famous corsair, Francis Drake covered his face with his hand as she approached, to show that the Queen's radiance had blinded him. They say that since then, warriors have been saluting by putting their hands to their heads.
The "Royal Corsair" became a knight, a member of parliament, a commandant of Plymouth, an admiral of the corsair fleet, etc. From now on, the famous pirate became known as "Sir Francis Drake."
Relations between England and Spain deteriorated day by day. In 1585, the King of Spain and Portugal, Philip II, seized all English merchant ships in his ports, and threw the crew members into prison. England sent an expedition led by Drake to strike back at the Spaniards.
The squadron included 21 ships and 2300 soldiers and sailors. Drake made a raid on the islands near Spain and went to the West Indies. On the islands of Cape Verde, Drake captured the cities of Santiago and San Domingo and set them on fire. He also managed to conquer the center of the Spanish lands in South America - Santo Domingo (Hispaniola Island). Having not achieved much success, Drake went to the city of Cartagena and took it. On July 28, 1586, Drake, having pretty much battered the Spanish possessions, returned with booty to Plymouth.
In 1587, another Drake military expedition took place, this time to the Spanish shores. Drake took the strongest fortress of Cadiz, burned more than 30 Spanish ships there and captured the ship that was carrying a cargo of jewelry to the king of Spain. All this weakened Philip II, and he had to postpone the planned military landing in England for another year.
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Spain was collecting a fleet that was supposed to transport troops to England. This fleet was called the "Invincible Armada". It was commanded by the Duke of Medina Sedonia. In England, they were preparing to repel the attack. Admiral of the Fleet was appointed Lord Admiral Howard, Vice Admiral - Francis Drake. The "Invincible Armada" consisted of 134 ships, 8 thousand sailors and 18 thousand soldiers. The British had only 90 ships.
The British had virtually no chance of winning. However, Drake's great pirate experience, superiority in maneuverability and unity of action of the English ships helped win a fierce battle. This, as well as the fact that the Spaniards made major miscalculations (for example, the Duke of Medina did not take advantage of the tailwind, which prevented the British from leaving Plymouth and made it possible to freely defeat the English squadron), determined the success of the battle.
Finally, two squadrons met near the port of Calais. Although the Spaniards held out courageously (not a single galleon surrendered), they were still forced to retreat under the protection of the Scottish coast.
The British did not lose a single ship in this battle, but no more than 50 ships returned to Spain. And although the rule of Spain was not broken by this battle, the invasion of England did not take place.
In 1589, Drake made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Lisbon. It was not possible to take the city on the move, and the British had neither forces nor guns for a long siege. The queen was angry: after all, she had invested a lot of money in this expedition, relying on "her pirate." It seemed that luck had turned against Drake. The famous corsair fell out of favor: Elizabeth did not want to hear about the winner of the "Invincible Armada".
But in 1595 the situation changes. The Queen again needed "her pirate", as she called Sir Francis. Elizabeth sent an expedition to Panama. Two squadrons under the command of Drake and Hawkins were supposed to repeat Drake's campaign, committed 20 years ago.
And again failure. The Spaniards learned about the British expedition and prepared well. And the lessons received from Drake himself were not in vain: powerful fortresses rose where there used to be small cities. Halfway through the voyage, Howkins died. Fever and dysentery decimated people. Francis Drake also fell ill. He grew weaker every day and died at dawn on January 28, 1596.
According to the participants of the voyage, the lead coffin with the body of Drake was lowered into the waters of the bay at Nombre de Dios, "almost at the place where the admiral began his journey to world fame." At the same place, two ships of the flotilla and several captured Spanish vessels were sunk as a special tribute to the memory of Admiral Sir Francis Drake.
Spain celebrated the death of its hated enemy, the "Royal Corsair", the "Devil Drake" as a national holiday. However, no festivities could compensate for the damage that Drake had done to Spanish power on the seas.
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