Media, News, Publishing: News update 24/06/2020 (3400)

Having strengthened the country from within, Hideyoshi took steps to expand his holdings. In 1582 he demanded tribute from Korea. He also invited the Korean wang (king) to participate in the campaign against China. Wang rejected this offer. He refused to pay tribute. Japanese troops invaded Korea. However, the Japanese fleet was defeated, and Chinese troops arrived to rescue the Koreans. In 1594, Hideyoshi had to withdraw his troops from the Korean Peninsula. After 3 years, he again undertakes a campaign against Korea. On October 30, 1598, a great battle broke out. The Japanese have taken over. They beheaded 39 thousand Korean and Chinese soldiers. It was impossible to send so many heads to Japan as a sign of victory, so they sent the ears and noses salted in barrels there. Near the city of Kyoto, a "Hill of Ears" was poured. With the news of Hideyoshi's death (September 1598), the Japanese golden gourd banner was lowered and the Japanese troops withdrew from Korea.

The war in Korea did not go unnoticed for Japan. Many Korean artisans arrived with Japanese soldiers. Their skill and experience were used to revive Japanese crafts. A new way of printing also came from the mainland. In 1592, during the first Korean campaign of Hideyoshi, copper movable signs for typing and printing devices were found in the wana palace and taken to Japan.

According to Hideyoshi's will, his young son Hideyori became the heir. A written oath of allegiance to the heir during the life of Hideyoshi was given by five influential princes, headed by Ieyasu Tokugawa. However, as soon as Hideyoshi died, an alliance of noble persons led by Prince Ishi-da Minutsari opposed Ieyasu. On a foggy morning on October 20, 1600, Ieyasu led his army against the enemies. Ahead they carried a standard - a golden fan - and a white flag, adorned with a pink stockrose - the flag of the Tokuga-wa clan. “The path before you is closed,” the soothsayers warned Ieyasu. “I will open it with my blow,” he replied. In the battle of Sekigahara ("The Plain of the Obstacle"), Ieyasu's army won. At the site of the battle, two hills "Kubizuka" ("Hills of Heads") were poured from the heads of Ieyasu's defeated enemies.

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In 1603, Ieyasu received the title of "Sei-i-tai Shogun" from Emperor Goyozei. On June 4, 1615, Ieyasu's troops stormed the castle where Hideyoshi's son Hideyori and his mother Yodo were hiding. Mother and son preferred death in the fire of a burning castle to a hymen. Hideyori's young son was rescued from the fire and sheltered by well-wishers. But then someone betrayed him, and he was executed. Before his death, Ieyasu saw him. The boy laughed in the face of the shogun for breaking his oath to his grandfather.

From the day of the victory at Sekigahara, Ieyasu constantly cared about strengthening his power and the Toku gawa house. First, he redistributed the estates. His supporters received new land allotments, opponents lost part or all of their property.

The order of government established by Ieyasu lasted 252 years after his death. All power was in the hands of the shoguns from the Tokugawa house. On behalf of tenno, laws were issued, ranks, honorary titles were distributed. Tenno remained revered as the viceroys of the gods on earth. But they lived in seclusion in their palaces in the holy city of Kyoto. The tenno and their courtiers subsisted on funds provided by the shoguns. The Tokugawa were more generous than their predecessors, and the tenno did not live in poverty, as in the 15th century.

But even in Kyoto, the tenno was not the master. With him was the representative of the shogun - the all-powerful sho-sidai. He was the governor of the city and surrounding provinces, was in charge of the finances of the tenno, and acted as an intermediary between Kyoto, the capital of the tenno, and Edo, the headquarters of the shogun. Shoshidai watched every step of the sovereign and stood guard over the interests of the shogun. None of the princes or nobles could come to Kyoto without special permission from the soshidai.

Japan did not know inner peace under the Tokugawa shoguns. Less than half a year passed after the death of Ieyasu, when a decree was issued banning Christianity: for the profession of this faith, death was threatened. Everyone was executed, including 90-year-old old women and one-year-old children. The persecution of Christians did not stop for many years. Persecution of Christians and tax oppression caused peasant uprisings in Shimabara and Amakusa (December 1637 - April 1638). They are said to have been led by Masuda Tokisada, a hereditary enemy of the Tokugawa. He claimed that he received from above the ability to work miracles. The uprising was suppressed with the help of the Dutchman Keukenbecker, head of the trading post of the Dutch East India Company established in Japan. He led the bombardment of the castle of Hara, where the rebels were fortified. Koukenbecker had to save trade with Japan at any cost. When the castle of Hara fell, almost all the besieged were killed. Their leaders were crucified, beheaded, forced to commit suicide. At the beginning of the XVII century. Japanese authorities began to show interest in trade with European states. When the Portuguese tried to drive the Dutch out of Japan in 1613, the shogun wrote: “Even if the Dutch are black as hell that come out of hell, but trade honestly and do nothing else, they will be treated in Japan as angels that come from paradise." However, the policy soon changed. In 1623-1624. the authorities forced the British and Spaniards to leave the country, in 1633-1639. laws were passed to expel the Portuguese. The decree of Shogun Iemitsu read: "From now on, no one, as long as the Sun shines over the world, is allowed to sail to Japan, even as ambassadors, and this prohibition must never be lifted under pain of death." In 1808, the British frigate Faith entered the harbor of Nagasaki, but did not drop anchor. Several high-ranking Japanese officials committed suicide as they allowed the ship to escape.

Japan's trade with Annam (North Vietnam), Siam (Thailand), and China was limited. Japanese sailors, if their ship was carried away by a storm or current from the islands, were not allowed to return.

The restriction of relations with the outside world did not permanently secure the dominance of the Tokugawa shoguns. In 1867, Keiki, the fifteenth and last shogun of the Tokugawa house, was forced to abdicate his power and hand it over to the monarch Mutsuhito.

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In the hall of ancestors in the house of Yang Jian, the commander of the state of Northern Zhou, the hereditary ruler of the Sui fief, wooden tablets with the names of his deceased forefathers stood on a dais. In front of the tablets, Yang Jian reverently bowed his knees more than once, reporting to the souls of the ancestors about the victories and asking for help in new endeavors. In 581, he seized the Northzhou throne and proclaimed himself sovereign. The souls of the departed must have experienced immeasurable joy when one day Yang Jian reported to them: “Now I am di-lord. The North of the Celestial Empire is subject to me! Having extended his power to northern China, in 589 he undertook a campaign to the south, overthrew the southern Chen dynasty and captured its ruler Hou Zhu. Now, in front of the sacred tablets that Yang Jian worshiped, the ruler of the southern lands meekly bowed his head. So Yang Jian notified the ancestors that his opponent was defeated and the dual power in the Celestial Empire was over. China once again became united under the rule of the Sui Dynasty founded by him. The year was 589.

As usual, the first ruler of Sui China, Wen-di (as Yang Jian began to be called), eased taxes. The sovereign himself set an example of modesty in clothing and food. However, he was soon killed by his son Yang Guan, who ruled under the name of Yang-di, who behaved differently. He spared no expense to decorate his palace and parks. The reconstruction of the city of Luoyang employed 2 million people. At the request of Yang-di, the trees there bloomed and turned green all year round: in winter, leaves and flowers were made of silk. In one county, all the birds were killed: their down went to the sovereign's blankets.

Obsessed with the idea of connecting the two great rivers of China - the Yangtze and the Yellow River, Yang-di ordered the construction of the Grand Canal. But even this useful undertaking became hated by the people. Even women were driven to forced labor. Many people died from overwork. A heavy burden on the shoulders of the people lay a huge tribute, which the Sui court paid to its neighbors - the Turks, in order to avoid wars with them.

The Sui Empire was not famous for military successes. 1 million soldiers on 300 ships were sent to fight Korea. The result of the war did not justify the costs and human losses. The people responded to the Korean campaigns with uprisings. And the Huangdi Yangdi himself was held by the Turkic Khan Shibi in a siege for a month at the "inner" Great Wall. It was built on the orders of Yang-di at the cost of huge human casualties, as a second line of defense against the nomads from the north. Having released him, the Turks did not leave China alone. The voivode Li Yuan, whose family included nomadic foreigners, was obliged to pacify them. But in order to defeat the Turks, Li Yuan did not have enough troops. Li Yuan's son Li Shimin gave his father advice: "Make peace with the Turkic kagan and take the Chinese throne." In the morning, after a sleepless night, Li Yuan said: “Let it be as you said. Either our whole family will perish, or I will become the ruler of the Celestial Empire.

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среда, 24 июня 2020 г.

News update 24/06/2020 (3400)

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среда, 24 июня 2020 г.

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