Media, News, Publishing: News update 09/05/2020 (324503)

By the beginning of September 1792, the position of France on the fronts became critical. The assembly discussed the question of whether to leave Paris, which was threatened by foreign armies, and unanimously decided to stay. The tribune of the people, Georges Jacques Danton, who was appointed Minister of Justice, exclaimed from the rostrum of the Legislative Assembly: “What do we need to push the enemies back? Courage, courage, courage again, and France will be saved."

A rumor swept through Paris that the enemies of the revolution arrested in the city's prisons were preparing an uprising. On September 2, crowds of people began to carry out a speedy lynching of prisoners: in total, about one and a half thousand people were killed. There were heartbreaking scenes: one of the arrested was saved by his daughter, who shouted to the crowd that her father was not an aristocrat, that they hated aristocrats. To prove this, the girl was forced to drink a cup of "aristocratic" blood. This convinced the crowd of her father's innocence. People enthusiastically embraced the "acquitted" and to the cries of "Long live the nation!" escorted him and his daughter home.

Of the prominent figures of the Revolution at that moment, only Marat approved of the "September murders", the rest condemned them or dissociated themselves from them.

On September 20, two major events took place. The French troops, not yet fully organized, but inspired by the revolutionary idea, inflicted the first defeat on the enemy troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick at the Battle of Valmy. On the same day, a new, revolutionary Assembly, the Convention, met in Paris, and on September 21, the Republic was proclaimed in France. By decision of the Convention, this day became the "first day of a new era" - the beginning of the first year of the Republic.

750 deputies were elected to the Convention. The right side was made up of the Girondins (about 200 people). Left - "montagnards" - "inhabitants of the Mountain" (100 people). The “mountain” in the Convention was nicknamed the upper benches, where the most revolutionary-minded deputies sat. Montagnards were also called Jacobins, because. most of them were members of the Jacobin Club. This club was located in the former premises of the Dominican monks (in France they were called Jacobins). The founders of the Jacobin Club were Mirabeau, Barnave, Sieyes and others. The leaders of the Montagnards, or Jacobins, in the Convention were very different people: Robespierre, Marat, Danton, as well as the brother of the arrested king, Philippe d'Orleans, who took the name Philippe Egalite (French "equality"). This neighborhood gave the Girondins a reason to constantly reproach the Jacobins for their intention to restore the monarchy.

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Between the "Mountain" and the "Gironde" sat the bulk of the deputies, nicknamed the "Plain", or, ironically, the "Swamp". The deputies themselves were contemptuously called "marsh frogs". Remaining silent in most of the heated disputes, these deputies voted for those who had the power - first for the "Gironde", then for the "Mountain". Sieyes became one of the leaders of the Bolot. When, a few years later, he was asked what he did while sitting in the Convention, he answered briefly: "I remained alive."

The question that worried everyone at that time was the fate of the arrested King Louis XVI. The convention decided to try him. On December 11, he was taken to the Convention and interrogated. He was accused of treason, correspondence with foreign powers that fought against France. Louis was asked 57 questions.

On January 15, 1793, after hearing all the arguments for and against condemning the king, the deputies proceeded to the decisive vote.

"Is Louis guilty of a conspiracy against freedom?" There was almost no hesitation here. Of the entire Convention, only 28 abstained from voting. The Convention unanimously passed its verdict: "Guilty."

Much more controversy was caused by another question: what punishment does Louis deserve? The Jacobins demanded the death penalty, many Girondins were in favor of exile or imprisonment. Each of the deputies had to rise to the podium and announce their verdict with a brief explanation. This meeting lasted 37 hours straight. Some deputies fell asleep and woke up only to blurt out: "Death!"

The scales fluctuated: the advantage was now on one side, then on the other. The seriously ill deputy Duchatel ordered to be brought to the Convention and voted for the life of the king. Many accompanied their verdict with whole speeches, others were brief. Sieyes threw almost on the move: "Death without talking"

Philip Egalite voted for the king's death. The deputies Maximilien Robespierre and Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau two years ago sought the abolition of the death penalty, but now this did not prevent them from voting for the death of the king. The turning point came when the Girondin Vergniaud took the podium. Contrary to expectations, he said: "Death."

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And he, as chairman, announced the result: "The punishment to which Louis is sentenced is death." The verdict was passed by a majority of 53 votes, but if we subtract 26 votes that connected the verdict with a demand for pardon, the majority is only 1 vote!

The next day, when the deputy Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau was having lunch in one of the restaurants, a stranger approached him.

Are you Lepeletier? -Yes.

Did you vote on the king's cause?

Yes, for death.

“Well, here you are, robber! - the man exclaimed, and struck the deputy with a mortal blow with a saber, after which he disappeared.

Louis was supposed to die on January 21st. The day before, he said goodbye to his family. At ten o'clock in the morning of the next day, to the beat of drums, the square was filled with armed men. In the middle of the square was built a guillotine, an instrument of execution invented by the revolution. A few years earlier, she was proposed in this capacity by the doctor Guillotin, who believed that a heavy knife, falling from a height, decapitates completely painlessly. At first, the king resisted the executioners who wanted to tie him up, and the priest reminded him that Jesus Christ also allowed himself to be tied. Then Louis obeyed. Before his death, he said: “French, I die innocent. I tell you this from the scaffold, preparing to stand before God. I forgive my enemies. I wish France...

The drumming drowned out the king's last words. The knife fell, the executioner showed the head of the king to the crowd.

After the execution of the king in the Convention, the struggle between the Girondins and the Jacobins continued to grow. The first were in favor of expanding the rights of local self-government and limiting the central government. The latter, on the contrary, stood for a "one and indivisible Republic" and a strong executive power. In addition, the Girondins accused the Jacobins of stirring up unrest and provoking lynchings like the "September murders". The Girondins were also indignant that the Jacobins were inciting Paris, which was much more revolutionary than the provinces, against them. The Jacobins won the support of the urban common people by demanding a "maximum", i.e. limits on prices and wages. By limiting speculation, this measure served the interests of the poor. At the height of the controversy, one of the Girondins exclaimed that if the population of the capital went against the will of the Convention, then the people of France would demolish Paris and soon people would ask on which bank of the Seine River he stood.

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понедельник, 11 мая 2020 г.

News update 09/05/2020 (324503)

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понедельник, 11 мая 2020 г.