In Great Britain, unlike most other countries, the General Staff was not a special corps of officers, but was organizationally part of the War Department. In the UK at the beginning of the 20th century, the imperial general headquarters of the army were created, subordinate to the Minister of War, naval and field headquarters.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in Great Britain was created in 1923 as a subcommittee of the Empire Defense Committee, and remained so until the liquidation of the Empire Defense Committee in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. Initially, the Committee consisted of the heads of three military branches - the First Sea Lord, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and the Chief of Staff of the FACC. The heads of the armed forces took turns serving as chairman of the Committee.
With the outbreak of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff became a subcommittee of the War Cabinet.
During the Second World War in the United States and Great Britain, the functions of the General Staff were performed by the committees of chiefs of staff. The British Joint Chiefs of Staff consisted of the chief of the imperial General Staff (chairman), the chiefs of staff of the Air Force and Navy, the chief of staff of the Department of Defense, and the chief of staff of the joint operations. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the USA, which was created in July 1942, was approximately the same. In the spring of 1942, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Great Britain was created, which was located in Washington, but was simultaneously subordinate to the heads of allied states.
After the war in the United States, a working body, the Joint Staff, was created under the Committee of Chiefs of Staff. In the UK, there is a defense headquarters that manages the activities of the army, air force, and navy headquarters.
After World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff became part of the UK Department of Defense.
In 1955, the British government decided to create the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It was formed on January 1, 1956, the first and only chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was the Royal Air Force Marshal Sir William Dixon. He remained in this position until January 1, 1959, when he became the first chief of the Defense Headquarters. The Chief of Staff of the Defense remained the head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and was considered the professional head of all the armed forces of Great Britain. In 1964, the Imperial General Staff was liquidated, and the ground forces have since been represented by the chief of the General Staff. After that, the only major change was the introduction of the deputy chief of the Defense Staff into the Committee.
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The Joint Chiefs of Staff in Great Britain was created in 1923 as a subcommittee of the Empire Defense Committee, and remained so until the liquidation of the Empire Defense Committee in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. Initially, the Committee consisted of the heads of three military branches - the First Sea Lord, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and the Chief of Staff of the FACC. The heads of the armed forces took turns serving as chairman of the Committee.
With the outbreak of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff became a subcommittee of the War Cabinet.
During the Second World War in the United States and Great Britain, the functions of the General Staff were performed by the committees of chiefs of staff. The British Joint Chiefs of Staff consisted of the chief of the imperial General Staff (chairman), the chiefs of staff of the Air Force and Navy, the chief of staff of the Department of Defense, and the chief of staff of the joint operations. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the USA, which was created in July 1942, was approximately the same. In the spring of 1942, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Great Britain was created, which was located in Washington, but was simultaneously subordinate to the heads of allied states.
After the war in the United States, a working body, the Joint Staff, was created under the Committee of Chiefs of Staff. In the UK, there is a defense headquarters that manages the activities of the army, air force, and navy headquarters.
After World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff became part of the UK Department of Defense.
In 1955, the British government decided to create the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It was formed on January 1, 1956, the first and only chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was the Royal Air Force Marshal Sir William Dixon. He remained in this position until January 1, 1959, when he became the first chief of the Defense Headquarters. The Chief of Staff of the Defense remained the head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and was considered the professional head of all the armed forces of Great Britain. In 1964, the Imperial General Staff was liquidated, and the ground forces have since been represented by the chief of the General Staff. After that, the only major change was the introduction of the deputy chief of the Defense Staff into the Committee.
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https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/airplanes
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We check: could this event occur during the other listed processes? Greco-Persian Wars 500-449 B.C. e. - Persia's wars of conquest against the ancient Greek city-states (polises), which defended their independence. The Hundred Years War is the name of a long military conflict between England and France (1337-1453), caused by England's desire to return Normandy, Maine, Anjou, etc., which belonged to her on the continent, as well as the dynastic claims of English kings to the French throne. The British Colonial War of Independence is a revolutionary liberation war of 13 colonies in North America for independence from Great Britain in 1775-1783.
We are convinced of the fairness of our choice, we write down in response the serial number of the Hundred Years War.
17. What event or process is this historical source directly related to? Specify the sequence number of this event, process.
“Inconveniences of every kind arising from our connection with England are incalculable. Our duty to ourselves and to humanity in general impels us to break this bond. Indeed, as a result of dependence on England, or even as a result of a simple political connection with her,
we involuntarily get entangled in various wars and strife taking place in Europe...
In a word, both considerations of our rights and considerations of our conveniences should induce us to separate from England. And the voice of truth and the cries of the dead cry out to us: it's time to separate!
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Answer: 4. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). The cost of the task: 1 point.
Action algorithm:
• Carefully read the passage from the historical source and carry out attribution.
•Let's find out what event or process this historical source is directly related to.
•Check and write down the answer.
The source contains a call for a break with England. Obviously, we are talking about the separation of the British colonies from the mother country.
We check: could this event occur during the other listed processes? Greco-Persian Wars 500-449 B.C. e. - Persia's wars of conquest against the ancient Greek city-states (polises), which defended their independence. The Hundred Years War is the name of a long military conflict between England and France (1337-1453), caused by England's desire to return Normandy, Maine, Anjou, etc., which belonged to her on the continent, as well as the dynastic claims of English kings to the French throne. The British Colonial War of Independence is a revolutionary liberation war of 13 colonies in North America for independence from Great Britain in 1775-1783.
We are convinced of the fairness of our choice, we write down in response the serial number of the war for the independence of the British colonies in North America.
GUIDELINES
To perform this group of tasks, you need to know the content and participants in events, processes in the history of foreign countries, and be able to attribute a text source. Preparation should begin with familiarization with the Codifier of verifiable requirements for the results of mastering the basic educational program of basic general education and content elements for conducting the main state exam in history. It contains a list of the most important events (processes, phenomena) in the history of foreign countries, knowledge of which can be tested in tasks 15–17 of the OGE 2021 (Appendix 1).
OPTIONS OF TASKS of part 2, STRUCTURE OF ANSWERS OF TASKS 18-24
Tasks 18-24 provide for different types of activities: analysis of a text source (18-20), analysis of a historical situation (21), comparison of historical events and phenomena (23). When completing these tasks, it is necessary to pay attention to the wording of each question. This group of tasks is basic (19), advanced (18, 21-22) and high (20, 23-24) difficulty levels.
1) Analysis of the text source. document attribution. Logical analysis of the structure of the text.
Read a fragment of a historical source and complete tasks 18–20. Use information from the text in your answers, as well as knowledge from the history course.
Read the passage from the Chronicle.
“That year, the squad said to Igor:“ The youths of Sveneld dressed up in weapons and clothes, and we are naked. Let’s go, prince, with us for tribute, and for ourselves
you will get it, and to us. "And Igor listened to them - he went to the Drevlyans for tribute and added a new one to the previous tribute, and his men did violence to them. Taking tribute, he went to his city. When he walked back, after thinking, he said to his to the squad: "Go home with tribute, and I will return and look like more." And he sent his squad home, and he returned with a small part of the squad, wanting more wealth. The Drevlyans, having heard that it was coming again, held advice with their prince Mal: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, he will endure the whole herd until they kill him; so is this one: if we do not kill him, he will destroy us all.” And they sent to him, saying: “Why are you going again? He has already taken all the tribute." And Igor did not listen to them; and the Drevlyans, leaving the city of Iskorosten, killed Igor and his warriors, since there were few of them ...
Olga was in Kyiv with her son, a child _____________. The Drevlyans said: "Here we killed the Russian prince, we will take his wife Olga for our prince Mal and we will take her son, and we will do to him what we want" ... "
18. Indicate the century when the events described occurred. Fill in the name missing in the passage.
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19. Why, according to the chronicle, did the Drevlyans decide to kill Prince Igor? Why, according to the chronicle, did the Drevlyans manage to defeat the squad of Prince Igor?
Answer:
Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions
(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)
Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the answer to the first question: Prince Igor decided to re-assemble
tribute from the Drevlyans ("If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, then he will endure everything
flock until they kill him; so this one: if we do not kill him, then all of us
destroy");
2) the answer to the second question: Prince Igor had few soldiers
(combatants)
Correct answers to two questions
2
Correct answer to one question
one
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score 2
20. Indicate any one consequence of the described events. What act, which influenced the choice of faith by Prince Vladimir of Kyiv, was committed by Olga mentioned in the text?
Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions
(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)
Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) a consequence, for example:
- Revenge of Princess Olga to the Drevlyans;
– establishment of lessons and churchyards;
(Another consequence may be indicated.)
2) act - the adoption of Christianity by Princess Olga
Consequences and actions are correct
2
Any one element is correct
one
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score 2
GUIDELINES
To successfully solve tasks 18-20, you need to learn how to: 1) carry out attribution of the source; 2) understand the meaning of the source (both individual provisions and the general context); 3) apply contextual knowledge to analyze the content of the source. The most typical mistakes in performing this group of tasks may be the incorrect attribution of a historical document and the inability to highlight individual content elements in the document. Both errors may be due to a misunderstanding of the general meaning of the historical document. As practice shows, instead of carefully reading a historical document, students often “grab” individual words and phrases out of context and thus try to attribute the document. This situation can be prevented by systematic work with historical documents.
