From the end of the XI century. in Western Europe, new monastic orders begin to take shape, partly opposing themselves to the Benedictines. The difference was emphasized by the fact that the "new" orders preferred a different color of clothes and wore cassocks of simple bleached linen (the Benedictines traditionally dressed in black). The most popular of the new orders was the Cistercian; its name was derived from the Latin spelling of the French city of Sieve, where the main abode of the order was located. The statutes of the new orders required the return of the monks to manual labor and removal from the world; according to their founders, the Benedictines were too much mired in worldly affairs. Church services fade into the background in the lives of "white" monks, but the main business of a monk is the salvation of his own soul, attempts to "see" God by mystical means. The monasteries of the "new" orders are becoming a haven for enthusiastic fanatics of the faith and subtle theologians, inspired preachers of the crusades and desert dwellers revered by the people. Foundation of new monastic orders in the XII century. turns into a fashion: it was enough to slightly change one of the existing statutes, introduce new elements of clothing and obtain the pope's permission to organize a monastic community - and a new order was born. Fearing that the monastic movement might get out of Roman control, the popes forbade the founding of new orders.
And yet, at the beginning of the 1st century. this ban was violated, and new orders - mendicant monks-preachers - were created at the initiative of the popes themselves. In Rome, they realized that a new weapon was needed to fight heresies and freethinking, and they saw such a weapon in the monastic movement of St. Francis from the Italian city of Assisi. Francis began his preaching in 1206; 20 years later he died, exhausted by poverty and disease. At first, Francis himself pretty much looked like a heretic and looked very doubtful in the eyes of the Roman church: he refused to own property (and Francis was the son of a wealthy merchant), did not take money in his hands, and led a wandering life with his students. Francis clearly imitated Christ, which he did not try to hide. This already brought Francis closer in the eyes of Rome to the Waldensian heretics; moreover, the disciples of Francis, who pejoratively called themselves "little brothers", Minorites, wandered along the roads in cassocks of coarse burlap, girded with ropes, in groups of two, just like the Waldensians.
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