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In terms of location and suitability for navigation, individual peoples differed sharply from each other. Some had a natural ability for long-distance voyages, while others, on the contrary, did not have the slightest desire and disposition for this, which even reached their horror of the sea. The former include the Phoenicians, most of the Greek tribes and the Etruscans, while the latter include the Egyptians, Hindus, Persians and Romans.

Even in very remote times, the Phoenicians stood out among other peoples by the development of their navigation, but they themselves almost did not leave direct evidence of this, either written or material.

The earliest information came to us through the Egyptians, and then not in the form of written evidence left by ancient writers, but only thanks to those produced from the middle of the 19th century. excavations of monuments and related reading of hieroglyphs.

The sea with salt water, according to superstitious Egyptian beliefs, which forbade the eating of sea fish and sea salt, was represented by the kingdom of an evil spirit (Typhon) and inspired horror, therefore, until the reign of the more free-thinking pharaoh Psammetichus (664-611 BC) Egyptian maritime trade was only passive. On the other hand, the Nile with its arms, which served as a natural way of communication, did not little contribute to the fact that in Egypt, the oldest country in terms of culture, river navigation developed very early and on a large scale. From time immemorial, light rafts with raised ends were used on shallow river channels, made up, for lack of wood, of bundles of papyrus. They were powered by poles and served to transport people and animals, even bulls, and to deliver goods to the markets. One of the images of such a raft dates back to the reign of the 6th dynasty (mid-3rd millennium BC).

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In addition, the Egyptians had large pontoons with a carrying capacity of up to 200 tons, which served to transport heavy loads, such as, for example, stone blocks used for gigantic Egyptian buildings.

In design, the Egyptian ships were in many ways similar to the earlier Nile reed ships or rafts. The only wood suitable for shipbuilding in Egypt was the acacia, a hard and fibrous wood from which no long planks could be made. Short pieces of wood were fastened together by means of tie-ins and tongues (Herodotus therefore compared the sheathing of Egyptian ships with brickwork), the hull was covered with cables for greater strength. The sides ended with a gunwale, beams were attached at the level of the gunwale. These beams and a stringer running from bow to stern directly below them gave the hull extra strength. The frames were missing. A stretched cable between the high bow and stern helped to keep them in this position. The keel as such was absent - it was replaced by a longitudinal keel bar, and the double mast, which stood closer to the bow, rested on the sides, like reed ships, the bottom of which could not provide reliable support for it. The oldest Egyptian wooden vessels were found recently in Abydos, in the burials of the beginning of the first dynasty - the time of the kings of Aha (Menes) or Djer, about 3000 BC. e. Unlike the 4th Dynasty ships from Giza, they were buried assembled. They reached a length of 20-30 meters, the sheathing boards, as expected, were fastened with cables, the gaps between them were caulked with papyrus fibers.

From the beginning of the 3rd millennium, Egypt began to import excellent timber from Syria and Asia Minor (the famous Lebanese cedars), but the main elements of the design of Egyptian ships changed slowly. At that time, seaworthy vessels up to 50 m long, designed for 40 or more rowers, were being built. We can judge about them by the discovery made in 1954 in Giza of the 43-meter vessel of King Cheops, which was placed in a special underground chamber in a disassembled state. The material for it was the Lebanese cedar, hornbeam, sycamore and acacia. Initially, the Egyptians used short, like a canoe, oars without oarlocks. The simplest oarlocks - rope loops passed through holes in the gunwale, appeared around 2400 BC. e. The rower had to get up to put the oar into the water; making a stroke, he sank back onto the bench. At the same time, the steering oar was also attached to the stern, which made it easier to steer the ship.

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