List of social mobility elevators
The choice of elevator (channel) of social mobility is of great importance when choosing a profession and in the selection of personnel. Sorokin named eight elevators of vertical mobility, along which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal career:
Army. 36 of the Roman emperors (Julius Caesar, Octavian Augustus and others) out of 92 reached their position through military service. 12 Byzantine emperors of 65 reached their status for the same reason.
Religious organizations. The value of this elevator reached its zenith in the Middle Ages, for emperors, for example, Gregory VII (pope) in 1077 deposed, humiliated and excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Of the 144 Roman popes, 28 were of simple origin, 27 came from the middle classes. The institute of celibacy forbade Catholic priests to marry and have children, therefore, after their death, new people occupied the vacant positions, which prevented the formation of a hereditary oligarchy and accelerated the process of vertical mobility. The Prophet Muhammad was at first a simple merchant, and then became the ruler of Arabia.
School and scientific organizations. In ancient China, the school was the main elevator in society. According to the recommendations of Confucius, a system of educational selection (selection) was built. Schools were open to all classes, the best students were transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, and from there the best students fell into the government and at the highest state and military posts. Hereditary aristocracy was absent.
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Discovery in 1971 off the coast of Sicily of the remains of a Carthaginian ship from the middle of the 3rd century. BC e. allowed us to suggest how the ancient states could build tens and even hundreds of ships in a relatively short time (the Romans in 260 BC built their 100 quinqueremes in two months): on its body there are numerous carved or painted marks - letters Phoenician alphabet. These marks served as a guide during assembly. The production of individual standard hull parts, obviously, was put on stream. Finished sections could only be delivered to the shipyard and assembled; special adjustment, with their standard sizes, they did not require. Such a "conveyor" method eliminated the need to manually adjust each board, and reduced the number of stocks occupied at the same time. It is noteworthy that among the things lifted from the Phoenician ship, in addition to ceramics, remnants of rigging and ballast stones, there were vessels with hashish leaves (cannabis sativa) - it was probably given to rowers before the battle. Fragments of a ram, which probably belonged to another ship, were found near the remains of the ship. The question of whether the found vessel was a military vessel, or whether it was a high-speed military transport that had much in common with a battle galley, remains open.
Slaves and freedmen and citizens of the lower classes were appointed to work at the oars; their training was begun even before the ships were ready, for which the appropriate scaffolds were built; people were assigned to courts and places on the ship, and they began to be taught how to move the oars to the beat; as soon as the ships were launched, the training continued on the water. Legionnaires were put on board as soldiers.
The Romans surpassed the Carthaginians in the quality of their "marines", but in all other respects they were significantly inferior to them: their ships were much heavier and slower, partly due to the fact that they were inferior to the Carthaginian ones in their design, partly because they were built from a completely damp forest; the Romans subsequently paid serious attention to this shortcoming. Among the Carthaginians, rowers were slaves who spent their whole lives in this work and acquired in it such skill and such endurance that it was impossible to compare with them; at any rate, the Roman slaves and freedmen who performed this work were far inferior to them in this respect.
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The government of mandarins in China was a government of intellectuals who knew how to write literary works, but did not understand business and did not know how to fight, so China has more than once become easy prey for nomads (Mongols and Manchu) and European colonialists. In modern society, the main elevators should be business and politics. The school elevator was of great importance in Turkey under Suleiman the Magnificent (1522-1566), when talented children from all over the country were sent to special schools, then to the Janissaries building, and then to the guards and the state apparatus. In ancient India, lower castes were not eligible for education, that is, the school elevator moved only along the upper floors. Today in the United States, one cannot hold a public office without a university degree. Of the 829 British geniuses, 71 were sons of unskilled workers. 4% of Russian academics left peasants, for example, Lomonosov.
A political elevator, that is, government groups and parties.
Art. Among the most famous writers in France, 13% were from the work environment.
Press, television, radio. Newspapers and television can provide fame and promotion.
Economic organizations. The accumulation of wealth is the most reliable way up in compliance with the rule of law, in conditions of social cataclysms wealth can be easily selected. The impoverished aristocrat is not able to maintain social prestige, although he remains the owner of the title, the impoverished nouveau riche loses absolutely everything. In ancient Rome, such rich entrepreneurial slaves as Trimalchion, Palladium, Narcissus enjoyed great influence. The king of Numidia Yugurta, by bribing the officials of Rome, sought the support of Rome in his struggle for the throne at the end of the 2nd century. BC e. Exiled, after all, from Rome, he called the "eternal" city a corrupt city. R. Gretton wrote about the rise of the English bourgeoisie: “So far, the aristocracy and the land nobility in the 15th century. destroyed and ravaged each other, the middle class went uphill, accumulating wealth. As a result, the nation once woke up upon seeing new masters. ” The middle class bought all the desired titles and privileges for money.
Family and marriage. According to ancient Roman law, if a free woman married a slave, her children became slaves, the son of a slave and a free man became a slave. Today there is an “attraction” of rich brides and poor aristocrats, when in case of marriage both partners receive mutual benefits: the bride receives the title and the bridegroom receives wealth.